The NALCO water handbook, 2nd ed

Preface ........................................................................ vii Part 1. The Nature of Water ....................................... 1.1 1. The Water Molecule .................................................... 1.3 2. Water Sources and Uses ............................................ 2.1 Effects of Rainfall ...................................................... 2.9 Other Seasonal Changes .......................................... 2.9 Where River Meets Ocean ........................................ 2.12 Lakes as Reservoirs ................................................. 2.13 Seasonal Turnover .................................................... 2.13 Subsurface Water ..................................................... 2.16 Well Waters Constant ............................................... 2.18 Sources and Practices in Other Countries ................. 2.22 Threats to Water Sources: the Effects of Acidic Rainfall ............................................................... 2.22 Threats to Water Sources: the Effects of Landfill Leachate on Groundwater Quality ...................... 2.24 Suggested Reading .................................................. 2.27 3. Basic Chemistry .......................................................... 3.1 Periodic Chart of Elements ....................................... 3.1 From Atoms to Molecules Impurities in Water .................................................... 3.3 Electrolytes ............................................................... 3.4 Ions and Electric Current ........................................... 3.5 Electromotive Series ................................................. 3.6 Colloidal Systems ..................................................... 3.7 Oxidation and Reduction ........................................... 3.7 Solvent Action of Water ............................................. 3.8 Organic Chemicals .................................................... 3.9 Predicting Solubilities ................................................ 3.9 Foreign Ions Interfere ................................................ 3.14 Other Anomalies ....................................................... 3.15 Equilibrium ................................................................ 3.16 Practical Value of Equilibrium Constants ................... 3.17 Solid Reactants ......................................................... 3.17 Chelation ................................................................... 3.19 Suggested Reading .................................................. 3.20 4. Water Chemistry and Interpretation of Water Analyses ..................................................................... 4.1 Alkalinity and Acidity ................................................. 4.5 The pH Notation ........................................................ 4.5 Use of meter for [OH-] ............................................... 4.6 The Importance of CO2 ............................................. 4.7 The Source of Alkalinity ............................................ 4.8 CO3 2-/HCO3 - Distribution ........................................... 4.10 Interfering Ions .......................................................... 4.12 Effects of Impurities .................................................. 4.14 CaCO3 Stability Indexes ............................................ 4.15 Dissolved Gases ....................................................... 4.18 Minerals and Conductance ....................................... Solid Matter ............................................................... 4.21 Organics in Water ..................................................... 4.22 Interpretation: Problems Caused by Impurities .......... 4.28 Suggested Reading .................................................. 4.29 5. Aquatic Biology ........................................................... 5.1 A Healthy Aquatic Environment ................................. 5.1 The Role of Chemistry .............................................. 5.2 Six Important Elements ............................................. 5.3 Some Need Oxygen, Others Don't ............................ 5.4 Microbial Analyses .................................................... 5.6 Sampling and Analysis .............................................. 5.6 Three Living Zones ................................................... 5.13 Chemical Indicators .................................................. 5.15 Bacteria Can Help ..................................................... 5.16 Suggested Reading .................................................. 5.17 6. Water Contaminants: Occurrence and Treatment ....... 6.1 Class 1 - Primary Constituents .................................. 6.4 Class 2 - Secondary Constituents ............................. 6.10 Class 3 - Tertiary Constituents .................................. 6.14 Class 4 - Trace Constituents ..................................... 6.19 Class 5 - Transient Constituents ............................... 6.19 Methods of Analysis .................................................. 6.27 Suggested Reading .................................................. 6.28 7. Water Gauging, Sampling, and Analysis ..................... 7.1 Flow Measurement ................................................... 7.2 Measuring Wastewater Flows ................................... 7.11 Sampling ................................................................... 7.21 Analysis .................................................................... 7.25 Suggested Reading ..................................................