آنالیز کیفی الگوی اثر انگشت در گروه های خونی و جنسیت مختلف در نپال Qualitative Analysis of Primary Fingerprint Pattern in Different Blood Group and Gender in Nepalese

1. Introduction Through decades of scientific research, the hand has come to be recognized as a powerful tool in the diagnosis of psychological, medical, and genetic conditions. The term dermatoglyphics was coined by Harold Cummins in 1926, which is used for the studies of epidermal ridges on the nonhairy part of palm, fingers, toes, and soles. He found that the configurations of ridge pattern are determined partly by heredity and partly by accidental or environmental influence, which produce stress and tension in their growth during fetal life. It has been accepted and adopted internationally [1]. It is based on the principle that the individual peculiarities of the patterns formed by the arrangements and distribution of the papillary or epidermal ridges on the fingertips are absolutely constant and persistent throughout life, from infancy to old age, and that the patterns of two hands do not resemble each other. Even the fingerprints of twins are not similar [2]. The pattern of dermal papillae determines the early development of the epidermal ridges. Early, in the fetal period, proliferation of the corium (dermis) forms papillary projections into the epidermis forming papillary ridges. The pattern of the papillary ridges in the hands is completely established between 11th and 24th weeks of gestation [3]. These features once formed remain permanent throughout the life of an individual except, in their dimensions, to commensurate the growth of an individual postnatally [4]. Over the past 150 years, dermatoglyphics has been a useful tool in understanding basic questions in biology, medicine, genetics, and evolution, in addition to being the best and most widely used method of personal identification. Blood group system was discovered way back by Karl Landsteiner in 1901. Later “Rhesus” system was defined by Landsteiner and Wiener in 1937. A total of 30 human blood group systems are now recognized by the International Society of Blood Transfusion which vary in their frequency of distribution among various races of mankind. Clinically, only “ABO” and “Rhesus” groups are of major importance. “ABO” system is further classified as “A,” “B,” “AB,” and “O” blood groups according to presence of corresponding antigen in plasma. “Rhesus” system is classified into “Rh +ve” and “Rh −ve” according to the presence or absence of “D” antigen [5]. As the inheritance of dermatoglyphic patterns and ABO blood group is polygenic [6], the exact manner of inheritance of ABO blood group was revealed by Bernstein [7].