شهروندی خلاق: موج جدیدی برای محیط های همکاری در شهرهای هوشمند Creative citizenship: the new wave for collaborative environments in smart cities

1. Introduction Nowadays, city governments are increasingly facing complex socio-technical problems and in response have developed strategies that rely on sophisticated information technologies (ICTs) in creative and innovative ways (European Parliament, 2014; Centre for Cities, 2014). These strategies are mainly rooted in democratic theory and revolves around processes of deliberation and ongoing dialogue between institutions and the public they serve (Albert and Passmore, 2008). Indeed, the central spirit of smart cities is the need of building structures based on the negotiated involvement of multiple public and private stakeholders (Pinnegar et al., 2008; Preissl and Mueller, 2006) with the aim at creating public value. The emergence and relevance of these ideas regarding the creation of public value and the need of citizen involvement in smart cities introduces a substantial change in the management of the city and the need for creating new and innovative forms of governance based on the concept of network governance (Rodríguez Bolívar, 2017a). Civic participation is a main way of transforming government to make it open and closer to the citizenry needs and it has been told to be a main objective within the context of smart cities and the smart cities movement (Rodríguez Bolívar, 2016). According to European Parliament (2014), active participation of citizenry in smart cities is necessary to create a sense of ownership and commitment, local level coordination to ensure the integration of solutions across the portfolio of initiatives and participation of local governments in networks to share knowledge and experiences. In brief, smart cities have really become in relational networks of actors, and the interaction among these urban actors constitutes urban governance. It highlights the process of coordinating and steering the urban society toward collectively defined goals (Pierre, 2005).