Environmental epidemiology Volume I, Public health and hazardous wastes

Abortion, spontaneous, 36, 37, 133-134, 190, 192-193 Acceptable Daily Intakes, 213-214 Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR), 2, 5, 7, 8, 26, 45-47, 65-75, 81-83, 84-85, 94-97, 212-213, 257, 260 biologic markers, 230-231 funding, 65, 85, 92, 93, 95 health assessments, 66, 83, 95, 103-104, 119 priority substances, 8, 104, 106, 108-109, 146-148 states, assistance for, 92-93, 97, 259, 269 Agricultural chemicals, see Nitrates; Pesticides Airborne toxins, 8, 9-12 birth defects, 11, 194 cancer, general, 11, 160-162, 168, 173 case-control studies, 168 children, effects on, 162-164, 166, 167 computer technology for assessing, 11, 169 cost of monitoring, 172 cross-sectional studies, 11, 157, 159-161, 163-165, 169, 262 dose-response assessment, 164, 170 exposure assessment, 12, 117, 118, 157-173, 125, 137, 262-264 federal law, 75, 180, 261 historical perspectives, 44 individual studies, 165-167, 160 indoor, 117-118, 157, 169-171, 263 lead, 212, 235 local studies, 163-165 longitudinal studies, 11-12, 157, 158-159, 161-163, 173 lung cancer, 38-39, 40, 41, 42, 160, 181-182, 187 morbidity studies, 11, 157, 156-169 neurotoxic effects, 12, 162, 166, 213, 225 symptomatology, 164-165, 170, 173 volatilization, 15, 18, 117, 140-141, 179, 195, 264 Air conditioning, 170 INDEX 271 About this PDF file: This new digital representation of the original work has been recomposed from XML files created from the original paper book, not from the original typesetting files. Page breaks are true to the original; line lengths, word breaks, heading styles, and other typesetting-specific formatting, however, cannot be retained, and some typographic errors may have been accidentally inserted. Please use the print version of this publication as the authoritative version for attribution. Copyright © National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved. Environmental Epidemiology, Volume 1: Public Health and Hazardous Wastes http://www.nap.edu/catalog/1802.html Alaska, 131 American Petroleum Institute, 46, 65 Analytic studies, 29 Angiosarcoma, 11, 38, 160-161 Animal studies, 46-47, 143 air pollution exposure, 12 ATSDR, 46 biologic markers, 229, 233-234, 238 food-borne toxins, 207, 208 sentinels, 17, 214-215 soil pollution, 17, 204, 214-215 waterborne toxins, congenital defects, 194 Aquifers, see Groundwater Arizona, 15 Arsenic, 107, 131, 160, 184, 191, 210-211 Asthma, 171-172, 264 Australia, 14, 189 B Benzopyrene, 119 Beryllium, 164 Biologic markers, 3, 17-19, 47, 116, 120, 121-123, 124, 128, 130, 219-249 animal studies, 229, 233-234, 238 birth defects, 229 blood, 18, 206, 222, 223, 224, 235, 236, 243-244 carcinogens, 18, 232-233, 234, 238 causal inference and, 220, 236-239 children, 224 classification of, 219-220, 246 defined, 17, 219-223 developmental toxins, 162-163 DNA adducts, 163, 222, 223, 232, 230, 236, 239, 241-242 dose response and, 221, 224, 229, 235, 238, 241, 242, 243-244 evaluation issues, 220, 236-239, 247 exposure assessment, general, 17, 239, 241-242 immune system, 220, 223, 233, 236, 241, 242-245 liver, 18, 223-224, 231-232 methodology, general, 236-239, 244-245 models, 239, 248 mutagens, general, 229-230, 234 neurotoxins, 18, 224, 225, 226-229 occupational toxicology, 231-236 PCBs, 18, 224, 230, 232-233 protein adducts, 220, 222, 230, 233-234, 242 reproductive toxicology, 18-19, 229, 233 respiratory disease, 245-246 statistical approaches, 220, 236-239, 247, 248 Superfund sites, 224-225 TCE, 18, 224-225, 229, 230, 236 urine, 224, 225, 235, 236 Birth defects, 36, 38, 133-134, 139, 140 airborne toxins, 11, 194 biologic markers, 229 waterborne toxins, 14-15, 180, 189-197, 265 Birth weight, 20, 190, 198-199, 209-210, 224 Blackfoot disease, 184 Bladder cancer, 13-14, 85, 139, 161, 181, 183-184, 188, 198, 222, 265, 268 Blood biologic markers, 18, 222, 223, 224, 235, 236, 243-244 food-borne toxins, 206 Blood pressure, 18, 184, 224 Body weight at birth, 20, 190, 198-199 children, exposure per unit of, 15, 208, 224 soil-borne toxins, 17 Bone disease, 206 Breast cancer, 14, 185 British Clean Air Act, 44 C Cadmium, 195, 206 California, 10, 37, 78, 94, 107, 110-111, 132-136, 167, 187, 191-193, 198, 214, 259, 266 Canada, 137-138, 159, 164, 182, 213 Cancer and carcinogens, 30, 36-38, 46, 139, 209 INDEX 272 About this PDF file: This new digital representation of the original work has been recomposed from XML files created from the original paper book, not from the original typesetting files. Page breaks are true to the original; line lengths, word breaks, heading styles, and other typesetting-specific formatting, however, cannot be retained, and some typographic errors may have been accidentally inserted. Please use the print version of this publication as the authoritative version for attribution. Copyright © National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved. Environmental Epidemiology, Volume 1: Public Health and Hazardous Wastes http://www.nap.edu/catalog/1802.html airborne toxins, cancers other than lung, 11, 160-162, 168, 173 angiosarcoma, 11, 38, 160-161 biologic markers, 18, 232-233, 234, 238 bladder, 13-14, 85, 139, 161, 181, 183-184, 188, 198, 222, 265, 268 breast, 14, 185 colon, 181, 183, 232 esophageal, 188-189 food-borne toxins, 207-208 gastric cancer, 187 gender differences, 14, 140-141, 160, 182-183, 185, 187 leukemia, 41, 131-133, 139, 140-141, 168, 185-187, 198 lung, 38-39, 40, 41, 42, 160, 181-182, 187 multinational study, 38-39 rectal, 181 soil-borne toxins, 215 testicular, 215 waterborne toxins, 13-14, 110, 180, 181-189, 198, 265-266 Case-control studies, 48-54, 121, 132-133 airborne toxins, 168 soil-borne pollutants, 215 waterborne toxins, 13-14, 180, 183-184, 187, 188-189, 191 Causal inference, 29-42, 33, 35-42, 113 biologic markers, 220, 236-239 effect size, 32 legal issues, 43-44 time dimension, 40, 35, 36, 40-41 water pollution, disease and, 180, 186 see also Statistics and statistical approaches Centers for Disease Control, 92, 131 biologic markers, 230-231 National Center for Health Statistics, 169 waterborne toxins, congenital defects, 193-194 Chemical Manufacturers Association, 46, 65 Children, 68, 85, 131-132, 268 airborne toxins, 162-164, 166, 167 biologic markers, 224 birth weight, 20, 190, 198-199 lead poisoning, 162, 166 pesticides, 16 sex ratio, births, 160 soil-borne toxins, 203, 211, 212, 215, 266 waterborne toxins, 185-186, 190 weight, exposure per unit, 15, 208, 224 see also Birth defects Chlorinated hydrocarbons, 196, 215 Chlorination, 13-15, 180, 182, 183-184, 195, 225-226 Chronic disease, general, 25, 46, 47, 106 waterborne toxins and, 180, 194-195 see also specific diseases and organs Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, 245-246, 268 Cities Hazardous-waste Site Discovery Plan, 77 Classification biologic markers, 219-220, 246 error in, 33, 35, 38, 130, 141, 181, 183, 191, 207, 222-223, 246, 248 Standard Industrial Classification, 140 Clean Air Act, 75, 180, 261 Clean Water Act, 180 Cohort studies, 121 Colon cancer, 181, 183, 232 Colorado, 212 Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act (CERCLA), 6, 45, 46, 61-65, 102 Information System (CERCLIS), 62-64, 78, 80, 83-84, 95, 102-103, 258, 259 see also National Priorities List; Superfund sites Computer technology air pollution mortality, 11, 169 data bank analyses, 169, 172 simulations, 47 Confidence intervals, 32, 42 Congressional Research Service, 45 Cost and cost-effectiveness, 62, 257