Concise encyclopedia of bioresource technology

Figures xxv Tables xxix About the Editor xxxiii Contributors xxxv Foreword il R. A. Mashelkar Preface li PART I: ENVIRONMENTAL BIOTECHNOLOGY Advances in Biological Wastewater Treatment 3 Veeriah Jegatheesan C. Visvanathan R. Ben Aïm Introduction 3 Conventional Biological Wastewater Treatment 5 Advanced Wastewater Treatment 7 Nutrients in Wastewater 8 Conclusions 11 Anaerobic Animal-Waste Environments: Salmonella Species Ecology 13 Steven C. Ricke Introduction 13 Salmonella Physiology in the Anaerobic Waste Environment 13 Salmonella Pathogenicity in the Waste Environment 15 Conclusions 17 Biobeneficiation 19 Valentina Umrania A. D. Agate Introduction 19 Possible Mechanisms 19 The Practice 21 Conclusions 22 Biodegradation of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons 23 Rodolfo Canet-Castello Joseph M. Lopez-Real Angus J. Beck Introduction 23 Biodegradation of PAHs by Aerobic Bacteria 24 Biodegradation of PAHs by Anaerobic Bacteria 25 Biodegradation of PAHs by Fungi 27 Biodegradation of PAHs by Algae 28 Conclusions 28 Biofiltration 31 Eldon R. Rene D. Arulneyam T. Swaminathan Introduction 31 History of Biofiltration 32 Process Description 32 Mechanism of Biofiltration 33 Microbial Aspects of Biofiltration 34 Biofilter Media 35 Characteristics of an “Ideal” Biofilter 36 Performance Parameters 37 Advantages and Disadvantages of Biofiltration 38 Commercial Application of Biofilters 39 Conclusions 39 Biological Control of Air Pollution 41 S. N. Upadhyay V. Kumar Introduction 41 Process Description 42 Process Modeling and Design 48 Operation and Maintenance 48 Conclusions 5 Biomethanogenesis 53 Dalel Singh Poonam Nigam Singh Introduction 53 Biomethanation Plants and Digestors 54 Substrates for Biogas Production 56 Microbiology of Biomethanation 58 Biochemistry of Methane Synthesis 60 Conclusions 62 Bioremediation 63 Wan Azlina Ahmad Zainul Akmar Zakaria Introduction 63 Bioremediation Methods 64 Applications of Bioremediation 66 Features of Bioremediation 68 Bioremediation—Success Stories 69 Conclusions 69 Methods for the Biological Treatment of Wastewater 71 Biological Reactors 71 P. K. Mishra B. N. Rai S. N. Upadhyay Principles of Biological Treatment 71 Reaction Kinetics 74 Bioreactors for Wastewater Treatment 76 Conclusions 80 Membrane Bioreactor 82 C. Visvanathan R. Ben Aïm Introduction 82 Membrane Bioreactor Systems 83 Conclusions 91 Rotating Biological Contactors 92 S. N. Upadhyay P. K. Mishra B. N. Rai Introduction 92 Process Modeling 94 Process Design 95 Nitrification and Denitrification 98 Effect of Temperature 100 Conclusions 100 Trickling Filters 102 B. N. Rai P. K. Mishra S. N. Upadhyay Introduction 102 Recirculation 103 Process Microbiology 104 Process Modeling and Design 106 Conclusions 111 Waste Stabilization Ponds 113 P. K. Mishra B. N. Rai S. N. Upadhyay Introduction 113 Classification of Pond Systems 113 Conclusions 121 Microbiologically Influenced Corrosion 123 R. S. Dubey S. N. Upadhyay Introduction 123 Biofouling 125 Microorganisms Associated with Corrosion 126 Mechanism of Microbial Corrosion 129 Control and Monitoring of Microbial Corrosion 129 Conclusions 132 Treatment of Industrial Effluents 135 Distillery Effluent 135 Poonam Nigam Singh Tim Robinson Dalel Singh Introduction 135 Problems Associated with Distillery Effluent 136 Treatment Technologies 137 Bioremediation of Distillery Effluent 140 Recycling Treated Distillery Effluent 141 Conclusions 141 Pulp and Paper Mill Effluent 143 Indu Shekhar Thakur Introduction 143 Procedure of Pulping 144 Bleaching 144 Characteristics of Effluent 144 Problems Related to the Pulp and Paper Industry 145 Environmental Impact of the Pulp and Paper Mill 146 Effluent Treatment in the Pulp and Paper Mill 147 Conclusions 151 Removal of Heavy Metals from Wastewater 152 Wan Azlina Ahmad Jefri Jaapar Mior Ahmad Khushairi Mohd Zahari Introduction 152 Chemical Removal Processes 152 Biological Removal Processes 154 Conclusions 157 Tannery Effluent 158 Indu Shekhar Thakur Introduction 158 Leather Industry—World Scenario 158 Tanning Processes 158 Existing Pollution Problems 159 Impacts of Tannery Effluent 160 Pollution Prevention Opportunities 162 Conclusions 166 Textile and Dye Effluent 167 Haresh Keharia Datta Madamwar Introduction 167 Physicochemical Processes 168 Biological Treatment Processes 169 Conclusions 175 PART II: FOOD BIOTECHNOLOGY Biopolymer Applications 179 Sudip Kumar Rakshit Introduction 179 Starch 179 Cellulose 183 Chitin and Chitosan 184 Other Important Polymers 186 Conclusions 187 Biotransformations of Citrus Flavanone Glycosides 189 Guillermo Ellenrieder Introduction 189 Enzymatic Hydrolysis of Flavanone Glycosides 191 Hydrolysis of the Citrus Flavanone Glycosides 194 Hydrogenation in Basic Medium to Produce Dihydrochalcone Sweeteners 196 Enzymatic Glycosylation and Esterification to Synthesize New Derivatives 197 Fermented Milk Products 201 V. K. Batish Sunita Grover Introduction 201 Yogurt 202 Dahi or Dadhi 203 Leben and Other Related Products 204 Lactic Beverages 207 New Developments in Fermented Milk Products 207 Functional Dairy Foods 208 Fermented Vegetables 211 Didier Montet Gérard Loiseau Nadine Zakhia Introduction 211 Lactic Acid-Fermented Vegetables 211 Nutritional Value of Lactic Acid-Fermented Vegetables 218 Some Recipes 220 Food Additive Production by Fermentation 225 Rekha S. Singhal Pushpa R. Kulkarni Introduction 225 Food Additives of Fermentation Origin 225 Conclusions 235 Food-Grade Yeast Production 237 Argyro Becatorou Costas Psarianos Introduction 237 Yeasts 238 Commercial Food-Grade Yeasts 239 Raw Materials in Food-Grade Yeast Production 241 Stages of Industrial Food-Grade Yeast Production 243 Conclusions 245 Kefir Yeast Technology 247 Matina Iconomopoulou Costas Psarianos Introduction 247 Traditional Production of Kefir Grains 247 Morphology of Kefir Grains 248 Composition of Kefir Grains and Kefirlike Cultures 248 Legislation Involved in the Use of Microbial Pigments 651 Present Status of Microbial Pigments 651 Conclusions 651 Polyhydroxyalkanoate Production from Renewable Resources 653 Irene K. P. Tan Introduction 653 Plastic Degradation 654 Biocompatibility 655 Polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHAs) 655 Conclusions 661 Pretreatment of Lignocellulosic Substrates 663 Poonam Nigam Singh Tim Robinson Dalel Singh Introduction 663 Physical Pretreatment 664 Chemical Pretreatment 666 Biological Pretreatment 668 Conclusions 670 Recycling Agricultural By-Products and Residues for Animal Feeding 671 Zwi G. Weinberg Introduction 671 Crop Residues 673 By-Products 674 Conclusions 677 Solid-State Fermentation for Bioconversion of Biomass 679 Design of Bioreactors for Solid-State Fermentation 679 Matt Hardin Introduction 679 Design Considerations 679 Reactor Types 681 Conclusions 688