Definitions, conversions, and calculations for occupational safety and health professionals

RELEVANT DEFINITIONS 1-1 Basic Units 1-1 Length 1-1 Mass 1-1 Time 1-2 Temperature 1-2 Electrical Current 1-2 The Amount of Any Substance 1-3 Luminous Intensity 1-3 Supplemental Units 1-3 Plane Angle 1-3 Solid Angle 1-3 Derived Units 1-4 Area 1-4 Volume 1-4 Velocity or Speed 1-4 Acceleration 1-4 & 1-5 Force 1-5 Pressure 1-5 & 1-6 Energy, Work, or Heat 1-6 & 1-7 Power 1-7 Electric Charge 1-8 Electrical Potential or Potential Difference 1-8 Capacitance 1-8 Density 1-9 Concentration 1-9 & 1-10 Luminous Flux 1-10 Frequency 1-11 Radioactive Activity 1-11 Absorbed Radiation Dose 1-11 & 1-12 Radiation Dose Equivalent or Radiation Dose Equivalent Index 1-12 & 1-13 Atmospheric Standards 1-14 Standard Temperature and Pressure 1-14 Normal Temperature and Pressure 1-14 Ventilation-Based Standard Air 1-14 Metric Prefixes (for use with SI Units) 1-15 RELEVANT FORMULAE & RELATIONSHIPS 1-16 Temperature Conversions 1-16 Equation #1-1: Metric Temperature Conversion: Celsius (relative) to Kelvin (absolute) 1-16 Equation #1-2: English Temperature Conversion: Fahrenheit (relative) to Rankine (absolute) 1-16 Equation #1-3: Relative Temperature Conversion: English System to Metric System 1-16 Equation #1-4: Temperature Difference Conversion: Metric System to English System 1-16 & 1-17 The Standard Gas Laws 1-17 Equation #1-5: Boyle’s Law 1-17 Equation #1-6: Charles’ Law 1-17 Equation #1-7: Gay-Lussac’s Law 1-18 Equation #1-8: General Gas Law 1-18 Equation #1-9: Ideal or Perfect Gas Law 1-19 The Mole 1-20 Equation #1-10: Mass Definition of the Mole 1-20 Equation #1-11: The Mole & Avogadro’s Number 1-20 Equation #1-12: Molar Volume @ STP 1-21 Equation #1-13: Molar Volume @ NTP 1-21 Other Gas Laws 1-22 Equation #1-14: The Gas Density Law 1-22 Equation #1-15: Dalton’s Law of Partial Pressures 1-22 Equation #1-16: Dalton’s Law of Partial Pressures Applied to the Concentration of Any Individual Volatile Solvent in an Overall Vapor Mixture 1-23 Equation #1-17: Raoult’s Law, as Applied to Each Individual Component in a Liquid Solution 1-24 Equation #1-18: Raoult’s Law, as Applied to the Entire Multi- Component Liquid Solution 1-24 Definition of Absorbance 1-25 Equation #1-19: Definition of Absorbance 1-25 Settling Velocity of Various Types of Particulates Suspended in Air 1-26 Equation #1-20: Stoke’s Law 1-26 Equation #1-21: Simplified Stoke’s Law 1-27 BASIC PARAMETERS AND LAWS OF PHYSICS & CHEMISTRY PROBLEM SET 1-28 Problem #1.1: Application of Equation # 1-1 1-28 Problem #1.2: Application of Equation # 1-2 1-28 Problem #1.3: Application of Equation # 1-3 1-29 Problem #1.4: Application of Equation # 1-4 1-29 Problem #1.5: Application of Equation # 1-5 1-30 Problem #1.6: Application of Equation # 1-5 1-30 Problem #1.7: Application of Equation #s 1-1 & 1-6 1-31 Problem #1.8: Application of Equation #s 1-2 & 1-6 1-31 Problem #1.9: Application of Equation #s 1-1 & 1-7 1-32 Problem #1.10: Application of Equation #s 1-2 & 1-7 1-32 Problem #1.11: Application of Equation #s 1-2 & 1-8 1-33 Problem #1.12: Application of Equation #s 1-1 & 1-8 1-33 & 1-34 Problem #1.13: Application of Equation #s 1-1, 1-9, & 1-10 1-34 Problem #1.14: Application of Equation #s 1-1, 1-9, & 1-10 1-35 Problem #1.15: Application of Equation # 1-10 1-36 Problem #1.16: Application of Equation # 1-11 1-36 Problem #1.17: Application of Equation #s 1-10 & 1-12 1-37 Problem #1.18: Application of Equation # 1-10 1-37 & 1-38 Problem #1.19: Application of Equation #s 1-1 & 1-9 1-38 Problem #1.20: Application of Equation #s 1-2 & 1-14 1-39Problem #1.21: Application of Equation #s 1-2 & 1-14 1-39 Problem #1.22: Application of Equation # 1-16 1-40 Problem #1.23: Application of Equation # 1-16 1-40 Problem #1.24: Application of Equation #s 1-10, 1-16, & 1-17 1-41 & 1-42 Problem #1.25: Application of Equation #s 1-10, 1-16, & 1-17 1-42 & 1-43 Problem #1.26: Application of Equation # 1-19 1-43 Problem #1.27: Application of Equation # 1-21 1-44 Problem #1.28: Application of Equation # 1-21 1-44 & 1-45 SOLUTIONS TO THE BASIC PARAMETERS AND LAWS OF PHYSICS & CHEMISTRY PROBLEM SET — listed by the Problem Number 1-46 Problem #1.1 1-46 Problem #1.2 1-46 Problem #1.3 1-46 Problem #1.4 1-46 & 1-47 Problem #1.5 1-47 Problem #1.6 1-47 Problem #1.7 1-47 & 1-48 Problem #1.8 1-48 Problem #1.9 1-49 Problem #1.10 1-49 & 1-50 Problem #1.11 1-50 Problem #1.12 1-50 & 1-51 Problem #1.13 1-51 & 1-52 Problem #1.14 1-52 Problem #1.15 1-52 & 1-53 Problem #1.16 1-53 Problem #1.17 1-53 & 1-54 Problem #1.18 1-54 Problem #1.19 1-55 Problem #1.20 1-55 & 1-56 Problem #1.21 1-56 Problem #1.22 1-57 Problem #1.23 1-57 Problem #1.24 1-58 Problem #1.25 1-58 to 1-60 Problem #1.26 1-60 Problem #1.27 1-60 Problem #1.28 1-60 & 1-61 Chapter 2: Standards and Calibrations RELEVANT DEFINITIONS Primary Standard 2-1 Secondary Standard 2-1 Standard Reference Material 2-1 Calibration 2-1 & 2-2 Calibration Check 2-2 Sensitivity 2-2 Selectivity 2-2 Repeatability 2-2 Timeliness 2-3 Accuracy 2-3 Precision 2-3 Instrument Categories and Calibration / Calibration Check Procedures 2-3 & 2-4 RELEVANT FORMULAE & RELATIONSHIPS 2-5 Flow Rate & Flow Volume Calibrations 2-5 Equation #s 2-1 & 2-2: Rate to Volume Relationship 2-5 Gas Analyzer Calibrations & Calibration Checks 2-6 Equation #2-3: Volumetric Calibration Standard, using pure gas sources — Low Concentration Levels (ppm) 2-6 Equation #2-4: Volumetric Calibration Standard, using pure gas sources — High Concentration Levels (percent) 2-7 Equation #2-5: Volumetric Calibration Standard, using pure liquid sources — Low Concentration Levels (ppm) 2-7 & 2-8 STANDARDS AND CALIBRATIONS PROBLEM SET 2-9 Problem #2.1: Application of Equation # 2-1 2-9 & 2-10 Problem #2.2: Application of Equation # 2-3 2-10 Problem #2.3: Application of Equation # 2-4 2-11 Problem #2.4: Application of Equation #s 1-1, 1-3, & 2-5 2-11 to 2-13 Problem #2.5: Application of Equation #s 1-1, 1-9, 1-10, 1-16, & 2-5 2-14 & 2-15 SOLUTIONS TO THE STANDARDS AND CALIBRATIONS PROBLEM SET — listed only by the Problem Number 2-16 Problem #2.1 2-16 Problem #2.2 2-17 Problem #2.3 2-17 Problem #2.4 2-17 to 2-19 Problem #2.5 2-19 Chapter 3: Workplace Ambient Air RELEVANT DEFINITIONS Ambient Concentration Categories 3-1 Threshold Limit Values 3-1 Permissible Exposure Limits 3-1 Recommended Exposure Limits 3-2 Maximum Concentration Values in the Workplace 3-2 Time Weighted Averages 3-2 Short Term Exposure Limits 3-2 Ceiling Values 3-3 Action Levels 3-3 Excursion Limits 3-3 Designation of Immediately Dangerous to Life and/or Health 3-3 Breathing Zone 3-3 Ambient Dose-Response/Concentration-Response Parameters 3-4 Median Lethal Dose 3-4 Median Effective Dose 3-4 Median Lethal Concentration 3-4 “Other” Dose-Response, Concentration-Response Parameters 3-4 Parameters Relating to Specific Chemicals or Substances 3-5 Upper & Lower Explosive Limits 3-5 Explosive Range 3-5 Flash Point 3-5 Ambient Measurements of Concentration 3-6 “Volume-Based” Concentrations 3-6 “Mass-Based” Concentrations 3-7 Components & Measurement Parameters of the Ambient Air 3-7 Gas 3-7 Vapor 3-7 Aerodynamic Diameter 3-7 Aerosol 3-7 Dust 3-7 Mist 3-8 Smoke 3-8 Fume 3-8 Aspect Ratio 3-8 Fiber 3-8 RELEVANT FORMULAE & RELATIONSHIPS 3-9 Calculations Involving Time Weighted Averages [TWAs] 3-9 Equation #3-1: Basic Time Weighted Average Equation 3-9 Equation #3-2: Effective Percent Exposure Level Equation 3-10 Calculations Involving Exposure Limits 3-11 Equation #3-3: Effective TLV Exposure Limit Formula 3-11 & 3-12 Calculations Involving the Conversion of Concentration Units 3-13 Equation #3-4: Conversion of Mass-Based Concentration Units to their Volumetric Equivalents @ NTP 3-13 Equation #3-5: Conversion of Mass-Based Concentration Units to their Volumetric Equivalents @ STP 3-13 Equation #3-6: Conversion of Mass-Based Concentration Units to their Volumetric Equivalents under any Conditions 3-14 Equation #3-7: Conversion of Volume-Based Concentration Units to their Mass-Based Equivalents @ NTP 3-15 Equation #3-8: Conversion of Volume-Based Concentration Units to their Mass-Based Equivalents @ STP 3-15 Equation #3-9: Conversion of Volume-Based Concentration Units to their Mass-Based Equivalents under any Conditions 3-16 Calculations Involving TLV Exposure Limits for Free Silica Dusts in Ambient Air 3-17 Equation #3-10: TLV Equation for Respirable Quartz Dusts 3-17 Equation #3-11: TLV Equation for Total Silica Dusts 3-17 Equation #3-12: TLV Equation for the Three Most Common Types of Silica Dusts 3-18WORKPLACE AMBIENT AIR PROBLEM SET 3-19 Problem #3.1: Application of Equation # 3-1 3-19 Problem #3.2: Application of Equation # 3-1 3-20 Problem #3.3: Application of Equation # 3-1 3-21 Problem #3.4: Application of Equation # 3-1 3-22 Problem #3.5: Application of Equation # 3-1 3-23 Problem #3.6: Application of Equation # 3-1 3-24 & 3-25 Problem #3.7: Application of Equation # 3-1 3-25 & 3-26 Problem #3.8: Application of Equation # 3-1 3-27 Problem #3.9: Application of Equation # 3-1 3-28 Problem #3.10: Application of Equation # 3-2 3-29 Problem #3.11: Application of Equation # 3-2 3-30 & 3-31 Problem #3.12: Application of Equation #s 3-3, 3-5, & 3-8 3-32 to 3-34 Problem #3.13: Application of Equation #s 1-10, 1-16, 1-17, & 3-8 3-35 & 3-36 Problem #3.14: Application of Equation #s 3-3, 3-4, & 3-7 3-37 & 3-38 Problem #3.15: Application of Equation #s 1-10, 1-16, 1-17, & 3-7 3-39 & 3-40 Problem #3.16: Application of Equation #s 3-3, 3-4, & 3-7 3-41 & 3-42 Problem #3.17: Application of Equation # 3-1 3-43 Problem #3.18: Application of Equation #s 2-2 & 3-1 3-44 & 3-45 Problem #3.19: Application of Equation # 3-4 3-46 Problem #3.20: Application of Equation # 3-5 3-46 & 3-47 Problem #3.21: Application of Equation #s 1-1 & 3-6 3-47 Problem #3.22: Application of Equation # 3-7 3-48 Problem #3.23: Application of Equation # 3-8 3-49 Problem #3.24: Application of Equation #s 1-1 & 3-9 3-50 Problem #3.25: Application of Equation # 3-10 3-51 Problem #3.26: Application of Equation # 3-12 3-52 SOLUTIONS TO THE WORKPLACE AMBIENT AIR PROBLEM SET — listed only by the Problem Number 3-53 Problem #3.1 3-53 Problem #3.2 3-53 & 3-54 Problem #3.3 3-54 Problem #3.4 3-54 & 3-55 Problem #3.5 3-55 Problem #3.6 3-55 & 3-56 Problem #3.7 3-56 to 3-58 Problem #3.8 3-58 Problem #3.9 3-58 & 3-59 Problem #3.10 3-59 Problem #3.11 3-59 & 3-60 Problem #3.12 3-61 to 3-63 Problem #3.13 3-63 to 3-67 Problem #3.14 3-67 to 3-69 Problem #3.15 3-69 to 3-71 Problem #3.16 3-72 to 3-74 Problem #3.17 3-74 Problem #3.18 3-75 & 3-76 Problem #3.19 3-77 Problem #3.20 3-77 Problem #3.21 3-77 & 3-78 Problem #3.22 3-78 Problem #3.23 3-79 Problem #3.24 3-79 & 3-80 Problem #3.25 3-80 Problem #3.26 3-80 & 3-81 Chapter 4: Ventilation RELEVANT DEFINITIONS 4-1 Ventilation Equipment & Basic Parameters 4-1 Hood 4-1 Flange 4-1 Capture Velocity 4-1 Slot Velocity 4-1 Face Velocity 4-1 Coefficient of Entry 4-2 Entry Loss 4-2 Duct 4-2 Blast Gate or Damper 4-2 Plenum 4-2 Flow Rate or Volumetric Flow Rate 4-2 Velocity or Duct Velocity 4-2 Air Handler or Blower or Fan 4-2 Air Horsepower 4-3 Brake Horsepower 4-3 Pressure Terms 4-3 Static Pressure 4-3 Velocity Pressure 4-3 Total Pressure 4-3 Manometer 4-3 & 4-4 Vapor Pressure 4-4 Humidity Factors 4-4 Absolute Humidity 4-4 Relative Humidity 4-4 Dew Point 4-4 Ventilation Standards 4-5 Ventilation Standard Air 4-5 RELEVANT FORMULAE & RELATIONSHIPS 4-6 Calculations Involving Gases Moving in Ducts 4-6 Equation #4-1: Volumetric Flow Rate Equation 4-6 Equation #4-2: Equation Relating Duct Velocity to the Velocity Pressure & the Gas Density 4-6 Equation #4-3: Equation Relating Duct Velocity to the Velocity Pressure 4-7 Equation #4-4: General Rule of Ventilation #1 4-7 Equation #4-5: General Rule of Ventilation #2 4-8 Equation #4-6: General Rule of Ventilation #3 4-8 Calculations Involving Hoods 4-9 Equation #4-7: Unflanged Hood Capture Velocity Equation 4-9 Equation #4-8: Flanged Hood Capture Velocity Equation 4-9 Equation #4-9: Simple Hood Formula 4-10 Equation #4-10: Hood Coefficient of Entry Equation 4-10 Equation #4-11: Hood Throat-Suction Equations 4-11 Equation #4-12: Hood Entry Loss Equation 4-11 Equation #4-13: Hood Entry Loss Factor Equation 4-12 Equation #s 4-14A, B, C, & D: Compound Hood Equations 4-13 & 4-14 Calculations Involving the Rotational Speeds of Fans 4-15 Equation #4-15: Air Discharge Volume Equation 4-15 Equation #4-16: Static Discharge Pressure Equation 4-15 Equation #4-17: Brake Horsepower Equation 4-16 Calculations Involving the Diameters of Fans 4-17 Equation #4-18: Air Discharge Volume Equation 4-17 Equation #4-19: Static Discharge Pressure Equation 4-17 Equation #4-20: Brake Horsepower Equation 4-18 Calculations Involving Various Other Fan-Related Factors 4-18 Equation #4-21: Fan Brake Horsepower Equation 4-18 Equation #4-22: Fan Total Pressure Equation 4-19 Equation #4-23: Fan Static Pressure Equation 4-19 Calculations Involving Air Flow Balancing at a Duct Junction 4-20 Equation #s 4-24 A & B: Duct Junction Balancing System 4-20 & 4-21 Calculations Involving Dilution Ventilation 4-22 Equation #4-25: Equilibrium Concentration Equation 4-22 Equation #4-26: Basic Room Purge Equation 4-23 Equation #4-27: Purge-Dilution Equation 4-24 VENTILATION PROBLEM SET 4-25 Problem #4.1: Application of Equation # 4-1 4-25 Problem #4.2: Application of Equation # 4-1 4-25 Problem #4.3: Application of Equation # 4-2 4-26 Problem #4.4: Application of Equation # 4-3 4-26 Problem #4.5: Application of Equation # 4-3 4-27 Problem #4.6: Application of Equation # 4-3 4-27 & 4-28 Problem #4.7: Application of Equation # 4-5 4-28 Problem #4.8: Application of Equation # 4-5 4-29 Problem #4.9: Application of Equation # 4-6 4-30 Problem #4.10: Application of Equation # 4-6 4-31 Problem #4.11: Application of Equation # 4-7 4-31 & 4-32 Problem #4.12: Application of Equation # 4-8 4-32 & 4-33 Problem #4.13: Application of Equation # 4-8 4-33 Problem #4.14: Application of Equation # 4-9 4-34 Problem #4.15: Application of Equation # 4-10 4-34 Problem #4.16: Application of Equation #s 4-5 & 4-9 4-35 Problem #4.17: Application of Equation # 4-10 4-36 Problem #4.18: Application of Equation # 4-11 4-37 Problem #4.19: Application of Equation # 4-1 4-38 Problem #4.20: Application of Equation # 4-3 4-38 Problem #4.21: Application of Equation #s 4-5 & 4-11 4-39 Problem #4.22: Application of Equation # 4-12 4-40 Problem #4.23: Application of Equation # 4-12 4-41 Problem #4.24: Application of Equation # 4-13 4-41 Problem #4.25: Application of Equation #s 4-3, 4-14A, 4-14C, & 4-14D 4-42 Problem #4.26: Application of Equation #s 4-3, 4-5, 4-14B, 4- 14C, & 4-14D 4-43 Problem #4.27: Application of Equation # 4-15 4-44 Problem #4.28: Application of Equation # 4-16 4-44 Problem #4.29: Application of Equation # 4-17 4-45 Problem #4-30: Application of Equation # 4-15 4-45 Problem #4.31: Application of Equation # 4-16 4-46 Problem #4.32: Application of Equation # 4-17 4-46 Problem #4.33: Application of Equation # 4-18 4-47 Problem #4.34: Application of Equation # 4-19 4-48 Problem #4.35: Application of Equation # 4-20 4-48 Problem #4.36: Application of Equation #s 4-1 & 4-18 4-49 & 4-50 Problem #4.37: Application of Equation #s 4-3, 4-5, & 4-19 4-51 Problem #4.38: Application of Equation # 4-20 4-52 Problem #4.39: Application of Equation # 4-21 4-52 Problem #4.40: Application of Equation #s 4-1 & 4-21 4-53 Problem #4.41: Application of Equation #s 4-4, 4-5, 4-6, & 4- 22 4-54 Problem #4.42: Application of Equation #s 4-5 & 4-22 4-55 Problem #4.43: Application of Equation #s 4-5 & 4-23 4-56 Problem #4.44: Application of Equation # 4-23 4-57 Problem #4.45: Application of Equation #s 4-24A & 4-24B 4-58 & 4-59 Problem #4.46: Application of Equation #s 1-1, 1-16, & 4-25 4-60 & 4-61 Problem #4.47: Application of Equation # 4-26 4-62 Problem #4.48: Application of Equation #s 1-1, 1-16, & 4-25 4-63 & 4-64 Problem #4.49: Application of Equation # 4-26 4-65 Problem #4.50: Application of Equation # 4-27 4-66 SOLUTIONS TO THE VENTILATION PROBLEM SET — listed only by the Problem Number 4-67 Problem #4.1 4-67 Problem #4.2 4-67 Problem #4.3 4-68 Problem #4.4 4-68 Problem #4.5 4-68 Problem #4.6 4-68 & 4-69 Problem #4.7 4-69 Problem #4.8 4-69 Problem #4.9 4-69 & 4-70 Problem #4.10 4-70 Problem #4.11 4-70 & 4-71 Problem #4.12 4-71 Problem #4.13 4-72 Problem #4.14 4-72 Problem #4.15 4-73 Problem #4.16 4-73 Problem #4.17 4-73 Problem #4.18 4-74 Problem #4.19 4-74 & 4-75 Problem #4.20 4-75 Problem #4.21 4-75 & 4-76 Problem #4.22 4-76 Problem #4.23 4-76 & 4-77 Problem #4.24 4-77 Problem #4.25 4-77 & 4-78 Problem #4.26 4-78 & 4-79 Problem #4.27 4-79 Problem #4.28 4-79 Problem #4.29 4-80 Problem #4.30 4-80 Problem #4.31 4-80 Problem #4.32 4-81 Problem #4.33 4-81 Problem #4.34 4-82 Problem #4.35 4-82 Problem #4.36 4-82 & 4-83 Problem #4.37 4-84 Problem #4.38 4-85 Problem #4.39 4-85 Problem #4.40 4-85 & 4-86 Problem #4.41 4-86 Problem #4.42 4-87 Problem #4.43 4-88 Problem #4.44 4-88 Problem #4.45 4-88 & 4-89 Problem #4.46 4-89 & 4-90 Problem #4.47 4-90 Problem #4.48 4-91 & 4-92 Problem #4.49 4-92 Problem #4.50 4-92 to 4-94 Chapter 5: Thermal Stress RELEVANT DEFINITIONS 5-1 Thermal Stress 5-1 Heat Stress 5-1 Heat Stress Disorders 5-1 & 5-2 Cold Stress 5-2 Cold Stress Disorders 5-2 Ambient Conditions Related to Thermal Stress 5-3 Dry Bulb Temperature 5-3 Wet Bulb Temperature 5-3 Air or Wind Speed 5-3 Globe Temperature 5-3 Effective Temperature 5-3 Wet Bulb Globe Temperature Index 5-4 RELEVANT FORMULAE & RELATIONSHIPS 5-5 Thermal Stress (Indoor/Outdoor), With & Without Solar Load 5-5 Equation #5-1: Wet Bulb Globe Temperature Index Equation — No Solar Load 5-5 Equation #5-2: Wet Bulb Globe Temperature Index Equation — With Solar Load 5-5 & 5-6 Temperature Related Time Weighted Averages 5-6Equation #5-3: Time Weighted Average WBGT Index 5-6 THERMAL STRESS PROBLEM SET 5-7 Problem #5.1: Application of Equation #s 1-3 & 5-2 5-7 Problem #5.2: Application of Equation #s 1-3 & 5-1 5-7 Problem #5.3: Application of Equation #s 1-3, 5-1, & 5-3 5-8 & 5-9 Problem #5.4: Application of Equation #s 1-10 & 5-3 5-10 & 5-11 SOLUTIONS TO THE THERMAL STRESS PROBLEM SET — listed only by the Problem Number 5-12 Problem #5.1 5-12 Problem #5.2 5-13 Problem #5.3 5-14 Problem #5.4 5-15 Chapter 6: Sound & Noise RELEVANT DEFINITIONS 6-1 Categories of Noise 6-1 Continuous Noise 6-1 Intermittent Noise 6-1 & 6-2 Characteristics of Sounds and/or Noise 6-2 Frequency 6-2 Frequency Band 6-2 Octave Bands & Bandwidths 6-2 & 6-3 Sound Wavelength 6-3 Pitch 6-3 Velocity of Sound 6-3 Loudness 6-3 Characteristic Parameters of Sound and Noise 6-4 Sound Intensity & Sound Intensity Level 6-4 Sound Power & Sound Power Level 6-4 Sound Pressure 6-4 Root-Mean-Square [RMS] Sound Pressure 6-4 Common Measurements of Sound Levels 6-5 Sound Pressure Level 6-5 Threshold of Hearing 6-5 Threshold of Pain 6-5 Sound and/or Noise Measurement Time Weightings 6-6 Peak Noise 6-6 Impulsive or Impact Noise 6-6 Fast Time Weighted Noise 6-6 Slow Time Weighted Noise 6-6 Sound and/or Noise Measurement Frequency Weightings 6-7 Linear Frequency Weighting 6-7 A-Frequency Weighting Scale 6-7 B-Frequency Weighting Scale 6-7 C-Frequency Weighting Scale 6-7 & 6-8 RELEVANT FORMULAE & RELATIONSHIPS 6-9 Approximate Velocity of Sound in Air 6-9 Equation #6-1: Approximate Velocity of Sound in Air 6-9 Basic Sound Measurements — Definitions 6-9 Equation #6-2: Sound Pressure Level Equation 6-9 Equation #6-3: Sound Intensity Level Equation 6-10 Equation #6-4: Sound Power Level Equation 6-10 Sound Pressure Levels of Noise Sources in a Free Field 6-11 Equation #6-5: Effective Sound Pressure Level of a Noise Source in a Free Field 6-11 Addition of Sound Pressure Levels from Several Independent Sources 6-12 Equation #6-6: Addition of Several Independent Sound Pressure Levels 6-12 Calculations Involving Sound Pressure Level “Doses” 6-13 Equation #6-7: Maximum Time Period at Any Equivalent Sound Pressure Level 6-13 Equation #6-8: Effective Daily Dose 6-13 & 6-14 Equation #6-9: Equivalent Sound Pressure Level at Any Daily Dose 6-14 Definitions of the Three Common Frequency Weighting Scales 6-15 Equation #6-10: Definitions of the “A,” “B,” & “C” Weighting Scales 6-15 Various Octave Band Relationships 6-16 Equation #6-11: Full Octave Bands — Upper & Lower Band- Edge Frequencies 6-16 Equation #6-12: Full Octave Bands — Center Frequency 6-16 Equation #6-13: Half Octave Bands — Upper & Lower Band- Edge Frequencies 6-17 Equation #6-14: Half Octave Bands — Center Frequency 6-17 Equation #6-15: 1/nth Octave Bands — Upper & Lower Band- Edge Frequencies 6-18 Equation #6-16: 1/nth Octave Bands — Center Frequency 6-18 SOUND & NOISE PROBLEM SET 6-19 Problem #6.1: Application of Equation # 6-1 6-19 Problem #6.2: Application of Equation #s 1-3 & 6-1 6-19 Problem #6.3: Application of Equation # 6-2 6-20 Problem #6.4: Application of Equation # 6-3 6-20 Problem #6.5: Application of Equation # 6-4 6-21 Problem #6.6: Application of Equation # 6-5 6-21 & 6-22 Problem #6.7: Application of Equation # 6-5 6-22 Problem #6.8: Application of Equation # 6-6 6-23 Problem #6.9: Application of Equation # 6-6 6-23 & 6.24 Problem #6.10: Application of Equation # 6-7 6-24 Problem #6.11: Application of Equation # 6-7 6-25 Problem #6.12: Application of Equation #s 6-7 & 6-8 6-26 Problem #6.13: Application of Equation # 6-9 6-27 Problem #6.14: Application of Equation #s 6-7 & 6-8 6-28 Problem #6.15: Application of Equation # 6-9 6-29 Problem #6.16: Application of Equation # 6-10 6-30 Problem #6.17: Application of Equation #s 6-10, 6-11, & 6-12 6-30 & 6-31 Problem #6.18: Application of Equation #s 6-11 & 6-12 6-31 & 6-32 Problem #6.19: Application of Equation #s 6-13 & 6-14 6-32 Problem #6.20: Application of Equation #s 6-15 & 6-16 6-33 SOLUTIONS TO THE SOUND & NOISE PROBLEM SET — listed only by the Problem Number 6-34 Problem #6.1 6-34 Problem #6.2 6-34 Problem #6.3 6-35 Problem #6.4 6-35 Problem #6.5 6-35 Problem #6.6 6-36 Problem #6.7 6-36 Problem #6.8 6-37 Problem #6.9 6-37 Problem #6.10 6-38 Problem #6.11 6-38 & 6-39 Problem #6.12 6-40 Problem #6.13 6-40 & 6-41 Problem #6.14 6-41 Problem #6.15 6-42 Problem #6.16 6-42 Problem #6.17 6-42 & 6-43 Problem #6.18 6-43 Problem #6.19 6-44 Problem #6.20 6-44 & 6-45 Chapter 7: Mechanical Vibration RELEVANT DEFINITIONS 7-1 Mechanical Vibration 7-1 Vibration 7-1 Amplitude 7-1 Frequency 7-1 & 7-2 Acceleration 7-2 Shock 7-2 Impact 7-2 Human Vibration Exposures 7-2 Hand-Arm Vibration Exposures 7-2 Whole-Body Vibration Exposures 7-2 Effects of Vibration on the Human Body 7-2 Hand-Arm Vibration (HAV) Effects 7-2 & 7-3 Raynaud’s Phenomenon of Occupational Origin 7-3 Whole-Body Vibration (WBV) Effects 7-3 Effects of Various Vibration Frequencies 7-3 & 7-4 Resonance Whole-Body Vibration (WBV) Frequencies 7-4 Standards for Vibration Measurements 7-4 International Organization for Standardization 7-4 & 7-5 Vibration Metrics 7-5 Basic RMS Accelerations 7-5 & 7-6 Component Vector Weighted RMS Accelerations 7-6 Table #7-1: Weighting Factors 7-7 Fully Weighted RMS Accelerations 7-7Weighted RMS Composite Acceleration Exposure Profile 7-8 Crest Factor 7-8 & 7-9 Hand-Arm Vibration (HAV) Exposures 7-9 Standards for Hand-Arm Vibration (HAV) Exposures 7-9 Table #7-2: RMS Component Vibration Maxima 7-9 Table #7-3: Typical HAV Tool RMS Accelerations 7-10 Mitigation / Control Techniques for HAV Exposures 7-10 Recommended Procedures 7-10 Standards for Whole-Body Vibration (WBV) Exposures 7-10 Z-Axis Whole-Body Vibration (WBV) Exposures 7-10 & 7-11 Table #7-4: WBV Z-Axis TLV Listing 7-11 X and Y-Axes Whole-Body Vibration (WBV) Exposures 7-11 & 7-12 Table #7-5: WBV X and Y-Axes TLV Listing 7-12 Mitigation / Control Techniques for WBV Exposures 7-12 Recommended Procedures 7-12 & 7-13 MECHANICAL VIBRATION PROBLEM SET 7-14 Problem #7.1: Weighted Component RMS accelerations 7-14 Problem #7.2: Composite Acceleration Exposure Profile 7-15 Problem #7.3: Fully Weighted RMS Accelerations 7-16 SOLUTIONS TO THE MECHANICAL VIBRATION PROBLEM SET — listed only by the Problem Number 7-17 Problem #7.1 7-17 Problem #7.2 7-17 & 7-18 Problem #7.3 7-18 & 7-19 Chapter 8: Ionizing & Non-Ionizing Radiation RELEVANT DEFINITIONS 8-1 Electromagnetic Radiation 8-1 Electromagnetic Radiation 8-1 Electromagnetic Radiation Bands 8-2 Ionizing Radiation 8-3 Categories of Ionizing Radiation 8-3 Cosmic Radiation 8-3 Nuclear Radiation 8-3 & 8-4 Gamma Radiation 8-4 Alpha Radiation 8-4 & 8-5 Beta Radiation 8-5 Neutron Radiation 8-5 & 8-6 X-Radiation 8-6 Ultraviolet Radiation 8-6 & 8-7 Categories of Non-Ionizing Radiation 8-7 Visible Light 8-7 Infrared Radiation 8-7 & 8-8 Microwave Radiation 8-8 Radio Frequency Radiation 8-9 Sub-Radio Frequency Radiation 8-9 & 8-10 Radiation Characteristics vs. Field Characteristics 8-10 & 8-11 Sources of Ionizing Radiation 8-12 Radioactivity 8-12 Radioactive Decay 8-12 Radioactive Decay Constant 8-13 Mean Life 8-13 Half-Life 8-13 Nuclear Fission 8-13 & 8-14 Radiation Measurements 8-14 The Strength or Activity of a Radioactive Source 8-14 Exposure 8-14 Dose 8-15 Dose Equivalent 8-15 RELEVANT FORMULAE & RELATIONSHIPS 8-16 Basic Relationships for Electromagnetic Radiation 8-16 Equation #8-1: Basic Relationship Between Wavelength, Frequency, & the Speed of Light 8-16 Equation #8-2: Basic Relationship Between Wavelength & Wavenumber 8-16 Equation #8-3: Planck’s Law 8-17 Calculations Involving Radioactive Decay 8-18 Equation #8-4: Basic Exponential Decay Law as Applied to Radioactive Decay 8-18 Equation #8-5: Basic Relationship Between the Half-Life and the Radioactive Decay Constant 8-19 Equation #8-6: Mean Life Equation 8-19 Equation #8-7: Source Activity, in Becquerels 8-20 Equation #8-8: Source Activity in Curies 8-20 Equation #8-9: Basic Relationship Between Activity and the Radioactive Decay Constant 8-20 Equation #8-10: Basic Relationship Between Activity and the Half-Life 8-21 Dose and/or Exposure Calculations 8-22 Equation #8-11: X-Ray Dose Exposure Rates 8-22 Equation #8-12: Absorbed Radiation Dose vs. Dose Equivalent Relationship 8-22 & 8-23 Calculations Involving the Reduction of Radiation Intensity Levels 8-24 Equation #8-13: Half Thickness Equation 8-24 Equation #8-14: Inverse Square Law 8-25 Calculations Involving Optical Densities 8-26 Equation #8-15: Optical Density Formula 8-26 Relationships Involving Microwaves 8-27 Equation #8-16: Distance to the Far Field 8-27 Equation #8-17: Near Field Microwave Power Density Equation 8-28 Equation #8-18: Far Field Microwave Power Density Equation 8-28 Equation #8-19: Distance to the Far Field 8-28 & 8-29 IONIZING AND NON-IONIZING RADIATION PROBLEM SET 8-30 Problem #8.1: Application of Equation # 8-1 8-30 Problem #8.2: Application of Equation # 8-3 8-30Problem #8.3: Application of Equation #s 8-1 or 8-2 8-31 Problem #8.4: Application of Equation # 8-1 8-31 Problem #8.5: Application of Equation #s 8-1 or 8-2 8-32 Problem #8.6: Application of Equation # 8-3 8-32 Problem #8.7: Application of Equation #s 8-1 & 8-3 8-33 Problem #8.8: Application of Equation # 8-4 8-34 Problem #8.9: Application of Equation #s 8-5 & 8-6 8-35 Problem #8.10: Application of Equation #s 1-10, 1-11, 8-7, & 8-9 8-36 & 8-37 Problem #8.11: Application of Equation # 8-4 8-38 Problem #8.12: Application of Equation # 8-5 8-39 Problem #8.13: Application of Equation # 8-5 8-40 Problem #8.14: Application of Equation # 8-10 8-41 Problem #8.15: Application of Equation #s 8-4 & 8-5 8-42 Problem #8.16: Application of Equation # 8-11 8-43 Problem #8.17: Application of Equation # 8-11 8-44 Problem #8.18: Application of Equation # 8-12 8-45 Problem #8.19: Application of Equation # 8-12 8-46 Problem #8.20: Application of Equation # 8-13 8-47 & 8-48 Problem #8.21: Application of Equation # 8-14 8-49 Problem #8.22: Application of Equation # 8-14 8-50 Problem #8.23: Application of Equation # 8-15 8-51 Problem #8.24: Application of Equation # 8-15 8-52 Problem #8.25: Application of Equation # 8-16 8-53 Problem #8.26: Application of Equation #s 3-1 & 8-17 8-54 Problem #8.27: Application of Equation # 8-19 8-55 Problem #8.28: Application of Equation # 8-18 8-56 Problem #8.29: Application of Equation #s 8-1 & 8-16 8-57 & 8-58 Problem #8.30: Application of Equation #s 8-1 & 8-18 8-58 & 8-59 SOLUTIONS TO THE IONIZING AND NON-IONIZING RADIATION PROBLEM SET — listed only by the Problem Number 8-60 Problem #8.1 8-60 Problem #8.2 8-60 Problem #8.3 8-60 Problem #8.4 8-61 Problem #8.5 8-61 Problem #8.6 8-62 Problem #8.7 8-62 & 8-63 Problem #8.8 8-63 Problem #8.9 8-64 Problem #8.10 8-64 & 8-65 Problem #8.11 8-66 Problem #8.12 8-66 Problem #8.13 8-67 Problem #8.14 8-67 Problem #8.15 8-68 Problem #8.16 8-69 Problem #8.17 8-69 Problem #8.18 8-69 Problem #8.19 8-70 Problem #8.20 8-71 Problem #8.21 8-72 Equation #9-3: Mean Equation 9-12 Equation #9-4: Geometric Mean Equation 9-13 Equation #9-5: Median Relationship 9-14 Equation #9-6: Mode Relationship 9-15 Equation #9-7: Sample Variance Equation 9-16 Equation #9-8: Population Variance Equation 9-16 Equation #9-9: Sample Standard Deviation Equation 9-17 Equation #9-10: Population Standard Deviation Equation 9-18 Equation #9-11: Sample Coefficient of Variation Equation 9-18 Equation #9-12: Population Coefficient of Variation Equation 9-19 STATISTICS AND PROBABILITY PROBLEM SET 9-20 Problem #9.1: Application of Equation # 9-1 9-21 Problem #9.2: Application of Equation # 9-3 9-21 Problem #9.3: Application of Equation #s 9-2 & 9-4 9-22 Problem #9.4: Application of Equation # 9-5 9-22 Problem #9.5: Application of Equation # 9-6 9-23 Problem #9.6: Application of Equation # 9-7 9-23 Problem #9.7: Application of Equation # 9-9 9-24 Problem #9.8: Application of Equation # 9-11 9-24 Problem #9.9: Application of Equation # 9-8 9-25 Problem #9.10: Application of Equation # 9-10 9-25 Problem #9.11: Application of Equation # 9-12 9-26 Problem #9.12: Application of Probability Computations 9-27 Problem #9.13: Application of Probability Computations 9-27 Problem #9.14: Application of Probability Computations 9-28 Problem #9.15: Application of Probability Computations 9-29 Problem #9.16: Application of Probability Computations 9-30 Problem #9.17: Application of Probability Computations 9-31 SOLUTIONS TO THE STATISTICS AND PROBABILITY PROBLEM SET — listed only by the Problem Number 9-32 Problem #9.1 9-33 Problem #9.2 9-33 Problem #9.3 9-34 Problem #9.4 9-34 Problem #9.5 9-34 Problem #9.6 9-35 Problem #9.7 9-35 Problem #9.8 9-36 Problem #9.9 9-36 Problem #9.10 9-37 Problem #9.11 9-37 Problem #9.12 9-37 & 9-38 Problem #9.13 9-38 Problem #9.14 9-38 Problem #9.15 9-39 Problem #9.16 9-40 & 9-41 Problem #9.17 9-41 & 9-42 Appendix A — The Atmosphere Components of the Atmosphere A-1 Atmospheric Humidity — Ambient Water Vapor Concentrations A-4 to A-5 Flow Measurements vs. the Make-Up of the Gas Being Measured A-13 to A-16 Flow Measurements vs. Barometric Pressure & Temperature A-16 to A-17 Other Effects of Barometric Pressure & Temperature A-17 to A-19 Appendix B — Conversion Factors Alphabetical Listing B-1 Appendix C — Conversion Factors Listing by Unit Category C-1 Index I-1