Pharmacology demystified

xiii CHAPTER 1 An Inside Look at Pharmacology 1 What Is Pharmacology? 2 The Source of Drugs 4 Drugs Names 6 Prescription versus Over-the-Counter Drugs 7 Drug Effects 7 Drug Safety 8 Locating Drug Information 11 Drug Orders 12 The “Five Rights” Way of Drug Administration 16 Summary 20 Quiz 21 CHAPTER 2 Drug Action and Drug Interactions 23 Drug Actions 24 The First Pass Effect 33 Pharmacodynamics 33 Categories of Drug Action 35 Therapeutic Index and Therapeutic Range 35 Side Effects 36 Summary 38 Quiz 39 vCHAPTER 3 Pharmacology and the Nursing Process 41 The Nursing Process 42 Nursing Diagnosis 47 Patient Care Plan 48 Teaching the Patient About Drugs 50 Impact of Cultural Influences in Drug Administration 52 Mother and the Fetus 54 Pediatrics 54 Elderly 55 Summary 57 Quiz 58 CHAPTER 4 Substance Abuse 61 Drug Misuse and Abuse 61 Behavioral Patterns of Addiction 63 Healthcare Professionals and Substance Abuse 64 Detecting Substance Abuse 65 Delayed Action 67 Substances That Can Be Abused 71 Dependence versus Tolerance 71 Pathophysiologic Changes Occurring in Substance Abuse 72 Cultural Aspects of Substance Abuse 72 Commonly Abused Substances 73 Nursing Assessment 77 Summary 78 Quiz 79 CHAPTER 5 Principles of Medication Administration 81 The Nursing Process and Medication Administration 82Assessment Required for Specific Drugs 84 Administering Medication 87 Evaluating the Patient After Administering Medication 92 Controlling Narcotics 93 Summary 94 Quiz 94 CHAPTER 6 Route of Administration 97 Medication and Routes 97 Z-Track Injection Technique 107 Tips for Minimizing Pain 109 Summary 110 Quiz 111 CHAPTER 7 Dose Calculations 113 The Metric System and Medication 113 Converting Metric Units 116 Formulas for Calculating the Desired Dose 117 Parenteral Medications 119 Summary 121 Quiz 122 CHAPTER 8 Herbal Therapy 125 Inside Herbal Therapy 125 Forms of Herbal Therapies 127 Hazards of Herbal Therapeutics 128 Herbals Therapy and the Nursing Process 129 The Do’s and Don’ts about Herbs 130 Commonly Used Herbs 131 Summary 135 Quiz 135CHAPTER 9 Vitamins and Minerals 137 Vitamins 137 Vitamins and the Nursing Process 148 Summary 154 Quiz 154 CHAPTER 10 Fluid and Electrolyte Therapy 157 Body Fluids 158 Electrolytes 158 Fluid Concentration 159 IV Fluids 160 Blood and Blood Products 161 Fluid Replacement 161 Summary 180 Quiz 181 CHAPTER 11 Nutritional Support Therapies 183 Nutrition 183 Nursing Process 189 The Nursing Processing and Parenteral Nutritional Therapy 192 Summary 193 Quiz 194 CHAPTER 12 Inflammation 197 An Inside Look at Inflammation 197 Combating Inflammation 199 Summary 201 Quiz 201 CHAPTER 13 Antimicrobials—Fighting Infection 203 Microorganisms—A Small Formidable Opponent 204 Medication—A Formidable Defender 204Superinfections 205 Preparing to Administer Antimicrobial Medication 207 Penicillin, Nursing Diagnosis, and Collaborative Problems 214 Penicillin and Patient Education 215 Cephalosporins, Nursing Diagnosis, and Collaborative Problems 217 Macrolides and Drug-Drug Interactions 224 Macrolides, Nursing Diagnosis, and Collaborative Problems 224 Clindamycins and Drug-Drug Interactions 225 Lincosamides, Nursing Diagnosis, and Collaborative Problems 225 Vancomycin and Drug-Drug Interactions 227 Vancomycin, Nursing Diagnosis, and Collaborative Problems 228 Aminoglycosides and Drug-Drug Interactions 229 Aminoglycosides, Nursing Diagnosis, and Collaborative Problems 230 Tetracyclines and Drug-Drug Interactions 233 Tetracyclines, Nursing Diagnosis, and Collaborative Problems 234 Chloramphenicol and Drug-Drug Interactions 236 Chloramphenicol Nursing Diagnosis, and Collaborative Problems 236 Fluoroquinolones and Drug-Drug Interactions 238 Fluoroquinolones, Nursing Diagnosis, and Collaborative Problems 238 Sulfonamides 241Tuberculosis 243 Antifungal Drugs (Antimycotic Drugs) 246 Antimalarial 247 Anthelmintic 248 Summary 250 Quiz 251 CHAPTER 14 Respiratory Diseases 253 A Brief Look at Respiration 253 Upper Respiratory Tract Disorders 256 Lower Respiratory Disorders 261 Summary 266 Quiz 267 CHAPTER 15 Nervous System Drugs 269 A Brief Look at the Nervous System 269 Central Nervous System Stimulants 271 CNS Depressants 273 Autonomic Nervous System 281 Cholinergics 287 Anticholinergics 287 Antiparkinsonism-Anticholinergic Drugs 288 Antipsychotics 295 Phenothiazines 296 Depression 297 Summary 301 Quiz 302 CHAPTER 16 Narcotic Agonists 305 A Close Look at Pain 305 Influences on Administrating Pain Medication 306 Components of Pain 307 The Gate Control Theory 307Defining Pain 307 Pain Assessment 308 Pharmacologic Management of Pain 309 Summary 311 Quiz 312 CHAPTER 17 Immunologic Agents 315 A Brief Look at Immunity 315 Vaccines 321 Preventing Diseases 322 Summary 325 Quiz 326 CHAPTER 18 Gastrointestinal System 329 A Brief Look at the Gastrointestinal System 329 Summary 344 Quiz 345 CHAPTER 19 Cardiac Circulatory Medications 347 A Brief Look at the Cardiovascular System 347 Circulatory Disorders 364 Summary 369 Quiz 370 CHAPTER 20 Skin Disorders 373 A Brief Look at the Skin 373 Skin Disorders 374 Summary 382 Quiz 383 CHAPTER 21 Endocrine Medications 385 A Brief Look at the Endocrine System 385 Drugs and Hormones 386 Summary 396 Quiz 397CHAPTER 22 Disorders of the Eye and Ear 399 Eye Disorders 399 Patient Education for Eye Medication 403 Ear Disorders 405 Patient Education for Ear Medication 408 Summary 408 Quiz 409 Final Exam 411 Answers to Quiz and Final Exam Questions 425 Appendix 431 Index 437