Environmental nanotechnology : applications and impacts of nanomaterials

About the Contributors vii Part I Nanotechnology as a Tool for Sustainability Chapter 1. Nanotechnology and the Environment Mark R. Wiesner and Jean-Yves Bottero 3 Nano-convergence and Environmental Engineering 4 Origin and Organization of this Book 6 References 13 Chapter 2. Nanotechnology and Our Energy Challenge Wade Adams and Amy Myers Jaffe 15 Nanotechnology and Renewable Energy 19 Smalley Electricity Vision 22 Conclusion 24 References 25 Part II Principles and Methods Chapter 3. Nanomaterials Fabrication Jean-Pierre Jolivet and Andrew R. Barron 29 Specificity and Requirements in the Fabrication Methods of Nanoparticles 30 Oxides 31 Semiconductor Nanoparticles (Quantum Dots and Quantum Rods) 58 Metallics, Bimetallics, and Alloys 65 Carbon Based Nanomaterials 77 References 97 Chapter 4. Methods for Structural and Chemical Characterization of Nanomaterials Jérôme Rose, Antoine Thill, and Jonathan Brant 105 Introduction 105 Principles of Light-Material Interactions Atomic Force Microscopy and Scanning Tunnel Microscopy 106 Structural Characterization 107 iii Surface Physico-Chemical Properties 143 References 152 Chapter 5. Reactive Oxygen Species Generation on Nanoparticulate Material Michael Hoffmann, Ernest M. Hotze, and Mark R. Wiesner 155 Background 155 Nanoparticulate Semiconductor Particles and ROS Generation 165 Metal Sulfide Surface Chemistry and Free Radical Generation 182 Fullerene Photochemistry and ROS Generation Potential 185 References 201 Chapter 6. Principles and Procedures to Assess Nanomaterial Toxicity Michael Kovochich, Tian Xia, Jimmy Xu, Joanne I.Yeh, and André E. Nel 205 Introduction 205 Paradigms for Assessing NM Toxicity 206 Overall Considerations in the Assessment of NMToxicity 212 Use of Cellular Assays to Study Other Responses that Are Relevant to NM Toxicity, Including Cellular Uptake and Subcellular Localization 219 Nanosensors: Sensitive Probes for the Biodetection of ROS 221 Nanoelectrodes 223 Online Data Bank 225 Abbreviations 225 Acknowledgements 226 References 226 Chapter 7 Nanoparticle Transport, Aggregation, and Deposition Jonathan Brant, Jérôme Labille, Jean-Yves Bottero, and Mark R. Wiesner 231 Introduction 231 Physico-chemical Interactions 232 Aggregation 242 Deposition 257 Nanoparticle Behavior in Heterogeneous Systems 273 Airborne Nanoparticles 285 Summary 288 References 289 Part III Environmental Applications of Nanomaterials Chapter 8. Nanomaterials for Groundwater Remediation Gregory V. Lowry 297 Introduction 297 Reactivity, Fate, and Lifetime 300 Delivery and Transport Issues 311 Targeting 324 Summary and Research Needs 330 List of Acronyms and Symbols 331 References 333 Chapter 9 Membrane Processes Mark R. Wiesner, Andrew R. Barron, and Jérôme Rose 337 Overview of Membrane Processes 338 Transport Principles for Membrane Processes 341 Membrane Fabrication Using Nanomaterials 356 Nanoparticle Membrane Reactors 366 Active Membrane Systems 367 References 367 Chapter 10 Nanomaterials as Adsorbants Mélanie Auffan, Heather J. Shipley, Sujin Yean, Amy T. Kan, Mason Tomson, Jérôme Rose, and Jean-Yves Bottero 371 Introduction 371 Adsorption at the Oxide Nanoparticles/Solution Interface 372 Nanomaterial-Based Adsorbents for Water and Wastewater Treatment 377 Concluding Remarks 388 Acknowledgements 389 References 389 Part IV Potential Impacts of Nanomaterials Chapter 11. Toxicological Impacts of Nanomaterials Nancy A. Monteiro-Riviere and Thierry Orsière 395 Introduction 395 Fullerenes 396 Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes (SWCNT) 401 Multi-Walled Carbon Nanotubes (MWCNT) 403 Complications in Screening Assays Using Carbon-Based Materials 405 Titanium Dioxides 406 Iron Oxides 412 Cerium Dioxides 420 Copper Nanoparticles 421 Gold Nanoparticles 422 Quantum Dots 424 Exposure and Risk Assessment 431 Environmental Impact 433 Conclusion 434 References 434 Chapter 12. Ecotoxicological Impacts of Nanomaterials Delina Y. Lyon, Antoine Thill, Jérôme Rose, and Pedro J.J. Alvarez 445 Introduction 445 Why Study the Effects of Nanomaterials on Microorganisms? 447 Methods to Assess Ecotoxicity 448 Bioavailability and Cellular Uptake of Nanoparticles 452 Nanomaterial Interaction with Microbial Cell Components 456 Antibacterial Activity of Nanomaterials 459 Biotransformation of Nanomaterials by Microbes 466 Factors Mitigating Nanomaterial/Organismal Interactions 468 Summary and Conclusions 471 References 472 Chapter 13. Assessing Life-Cycle Risks of Nanomaterials Christine Ogilvie Robichaud, Dicksen Tanzil, and Mark R. Wiesner 481 Life-Cycle Impacts and Sustainability 481 First Steps: Risk Assessment from an Insurance Industry Perspective 493 Knowledge Gaps in the Life-Cycle Assessment of Nanomaterials Risks 514 References 522 Index 525 Acknowledgments