Biology

Transcription factors, 344 Transfer RNA (tRNA), 336, 340 Transformation, 367. See also Vocabulary Transformation studies, discovery of DNA and, 326–327 Transgenic organism, 370–371; animals, 370; bacteria, 371; bioluminescence, 363, 380; plants, 371, 680 Transitional aquatic ecosystem, 78 Transitional fossil, 424 Translation, 338, 339 Transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (TSEs), 531 Transmission electron microscope (TEM), 184 Transpiration, 46, 645 Transplants, 1009 Transport protein, 189, 189 act, 202 Tree, deciduous, 69; growth rings, 642; identify and classify, 623 act Tree of life, 497, 498 Tree shrew, 459 Trematode, 729 Triassic period, 122, 399 Tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle, 229–230 Triceratops, 858 Trichinella worm, 733 Trichinosis, 733 Trichocyst, 547, 548 Trichodina pediculus, 546 Trichome, 636. See also Vocabulary Triglyceride, 169 Trilobite, 781 Triple covalent bond, 152, 153 Trisomy, 313 Trochophore, 741 Trophic level, 42, 44 Tropical dry forest, 71 Tropical forest, 124 Tropical rain forest, 72, 124 Tropical savanna, 71 Tropical seasonal forests, 71 Tropical zones, 65 Tropism, 651 trp operon, 342–343 Truffle, 590 Trypanosoma, 552 Tryptophan, 343 Tuatara, 857 Tube foot, 791 act, 795 Tube nucleus, 674, 675 Tuber, 643 Tuberculosis, resistance to, 429; pulmonary, 1004 Tubifex worm, 748 Tubulin, 519 Tundra, 68 Tunicate, 805, 807. See also Invertebrate chordate Turbellarian, 729 Turf scientist, 637 Turner syndrome, 314 Turtle, 855, 857 Twins, 310, 1055 Tympanic membrane, 837 Tympanum, 768, 974 Type I diabetes, 1093 Type specimen, 490 Typhoid, 524 Typological species concept, 490, 491 Tyrannosaurus rex, 858, 859 act U Ultrasound, 1060, 1067 act Ultrasound technician, 1060 Ultraviolet radiation, effect on mitosis in yeast, 259 act; as mutagen, 255, 349; skin cancer and, 255, 940; sunscreens protection, 255, 255 act, 259 act Ulva, 559 Umbilical cord, 1056 Unbiased, 14. See also Vocabulary Uniform dispersion, 92, 93 Unsaturated fat, 170, 1026 Uracil (U), 329, 336 Urea, 836, 1006 Urethra, 1049 Urey, Harold, 403 Uric acid, 854 Urinary tract blockage, 1008 Urine, 1007, 1007 act Urochordata, 804 Urologist, 1007 Uterus, 887 V Vaccination, 375, 1089–1090, 1096 Vacuole, 195, 199, 200, 632 Valve, 994 Vancomycin, 523 van der Waals forces, 155 van der Waals, Johannes, 155 Variable, 19, 19 act Variation, natural selection and, 420, 422 Varicella immunization, 1089 Vascular bundle, 644 Vascular cambium, 634, 635, 642 Vascular plant, 606; divisions of, 609, 613–616, 617–621; dominant stage of lifecycle, 607, 663; nonseed, 609, 613–616; seed-producing, 607, 609, 617–621; water requirements for fertilization, 663 Vascular tissue, 606, 637–638; arrangement of in roots, 640; arrangement of in stems, 642; phloem, 638; xylem, 637 Vas deferens, 1049 Vector, 366, 1080 Vegetative reproduction, 662–663 Vein, 993, 994 Veld, 70 Venation, leaf, 645 Venom, 856 Ventral surface, 700 Ventricle, 824, 994 Venus flytrap, 9, 39, 650 act, 651 Vertebral column, 820 Vertebrate, 693, 820–821; adaptations in for life on land, 834–835; characteristics, 820–821; classes, 820; closed circulatory system of, 824; neural crest of, 821; origins, 832 Vesicle, 194 act, 195 Vessel element, 637 Vestigial structure, 425 Veterinarian, 816 Veterinary parasitologist, 732 Villus, 1023 Viral meningitis, 525 Virchow, Rudolph, 182, 183 Virologist, 503, 526 Virus, 525–530; attack on cells of body, 1080; classification, 503; diseases caused by, 525, 1078; DNA viruses, 527; infection by, 527, 528 act, 529; lysogenic cycle, 527, 528, 529; lytic cycle, 527, 528, 529; new methods for fighting, 532; as nonliving things, 525; origins, 526; retroviruses, 530; size of, 525; structure of, 526 Visible spectrum, 223 Vision, human, 974, 975 act; primate, 452, 452–453 Visualizing feature. See National Geographic Vitamin, 1028; A, 375, 1029; B, 523, 1028; D, 170, 939, 1028; human nutrition and, 1028, 1029; K, 523, 1028 Vitreous humor, 974 Vocabulary, 516; adaptation, 428; aid, 795; amphibian, 836; apicomplexa, 551; archaebacteria, 500; atom, 149; atrium, 824; auditory, 920; autotroph, 219; binomial nomenclature, 486; biogeochemical cycle, 46; biology, 5; channel, 964; character, 492; chemotaxis, 664; chlorophyll, 223; cladistics, 496; coefficient, 158; compatible, 675; concentration, 202; conjugation, 549; consume, 1026; conversely, 645; convert, 750; cooperate, 589; corpus Transcription factors Vocabulary Index INDEX 1203 luteum, 1052; corresponding, 493; corridor, 133; cuticle, 605; cytokinesis, 246; distribution, 94; diverse, 118; diversify, 840; dominant, 607; dopamine, 978; ecology, 33; enable, 1056; epiphyte, 614; equator, 271; eukaryote, 186; eutrophic, 76; evolve, 422; expel, 547; fleshy, 612; fluctuate, 99; foundation, 41; function, 939; gastropod, 742; gastrula, 696; gestation, 887; glycolysis, 229; halophile, 517; heterozygous, 279; homologous, 424; homozygous, 279; hormone, 1033; host, 727; hypha, 577; inflame, 1004; inheritance, 255; inhibit, 1008; interpret, 974; interpretation, 858; justify, 12; labor, 1063; lagomorpha, 893; mechanism, 404; mesophyll, 644; metamorphosis, 778; migratory, 914; modify, 892; mutagen, 348; native, 123; nematode, 734; notochord, 803; oligotrophic, 76; osteoblast, 942; phase, 562; photic, 80; plane, 700; polar, 188; polymerase, 334; precision, 822; preen, 862; primary, 62; prime, 331; prokaryote, 186; protist, 543; protozoan, 542; pyrrophyta, 555; retain, 884; sense, 886; sequence, 373; spine, 646; stigma, 669; structure, 796; substitution, 346; supplement, 559; survive, 708; suspend, 163; table, 20; target, 1032; transformation, 327, 367; transport, 224, 767; trial, 913; trichome, 636; widespread, 527 Volcano, 62, 393 Voluntary muscle, 948 Volvox, 558 von Frisch, Karl, 908 W Waggle dance, honeybee, 779 Wallace, Alfred Russell, 422 Wart, 525 Water, acid-base chemistry and, 164; alkalinity of, 172; aquatic ecosystems and. See Aquatic ecosystem; cohesiveadhesive nature of, 162; as compound, 151; concentration of in blood, 1037; covalent bonds in, 152, 161; cycling of, 46; density of, 162; diffusion of (osmosis), 203–205; disease from contaminated, 1079; distribution of on Earth, 74; as essential for life, 162; as limiting factor, 61; loss of by body, 1007 act; as natural resource, 123; pH of, 162, 172; plant reproduction and, 606, 663; polarity, 161, 162; properties, 161, 162; specific heat, 162; as universal solvent, 162; Van der Waals forces and, 155 Water cycle, 46 Water flea, 771 Water mold, 543, 543, 564 Water pollution, 126, 172 Water-soluble vitamin, 1028 Water vapor, 46 Water-vascular system, 795 Watson, James, 12, 329, 330, 350 Wax, 169 Weather, 65, 66, 94–95 Weathering, 45 Web (spider), 772 Wegener, Alfred, 400 Welwitschia, 618 West African sleeping sickness, 552 West Nile Virus, 106, 1078, 1080 Wetland, 74, 78, 841 Wetland plant, 78 Whale, 894, 895, 895 act Whisker, 880 White blood cell, 939, 946, 998, 1085 White rhinoceros, 124 White tail deer, dispersion of, 92, 93 Whorled leaf arrangement, 645 Wildlife biologist, 28, 487 Wildlife conservation biologist, 82 Wiley, Ron, 16, 18 Wilkins, Maurice, 12, 329, 330, 350 Wilson, Allan, 472 Wind pollination, 671 Wings, bird, 861–863; insect, 775, 777 Wishbone, 862 Woese, Carl, 695 Wolves, Isle Royale study of, 94–95 Wong-Staal, Flossie, 1081 Wood, 642 Woodchuck, 893, 894 Woodland, 69 Wood scientist, 618 World Health Organization (WHO), 1081 World Heritage site, 131 Worm. See Earthworm; Flatworm; Roundworm; Segmented worm X X chromosome, dosage compensation (X-inactivation) and, 306; gender determination and, 305; sex-linked traits and, 307–308 Xenarthra, 892, 894 X-inactivation, 306 X-linked traits, 307–308 X ray, 255, 349 X-ray diffraction, discovery of DNA structure and, 330, 350 Xylem, 637, 640. See also Vascular tissue Y Y chromosome, 305, 306 Yeast, 502, 576, 584–585; effect of sunlight on mitosis in, 259 lab; asexual reproduction in, 580, 580 act; motor proteins and cell division in, 274 act; products from fermentation of, 590 Yellow bone marrow, 942, 946 Yellow-green algae, 557 Yellowstone National Park, 32, 131 Yew, 592, 667 Yolk sac, 853, 1056 Z Zebra, 894, 894 Zero population growth (ZPG), 104 Zinc, 1029 Zinjanthropus boisei, 474 Zooflagellate (Zoomastigina), 543, 552 Zoo habitat, model, 871 act Zoologist, 503 Zooxanthellae, 713–714 Zygomycete (Zygomycota), 582, 583–584, 585; growth of, 583 act, 593 act; infections caused by, 584; life cycle of, 583 Zygospore, 583–luteum, 1052; corresponding, 493; corridor, 133; cuticle, 605; cytokinesis, 246; distribution, 94; diverse, 118; diversify, 840; dominant, 607; dopamine, 978; ecology, 33; enable, 1056; epiphyte, 614; equator, 271; eukaryote, 186; eutrophic, 76; evolve, 422; expel, 547; fleshy, 612; fluctuate, 99; foundation, 41; function, 939; gastropod, 742; gastrula, 696; gestation, 887; glycolysis, 229; halophile, 517; heterozygous, 279; homologous, 424; homozygous, 279; hormone, 1033; host, 727; hypha, 577; inflame, 1004; inheritance, 255; inhibit, 1008; interpret, 974; interpretation, 858; justify, 12; labor, 1063; lagomorpha, 893; mechanism, 404; mesophyll, 644; metamorphosis, 778; migratory, 914; modify, 892; mutagen, 348; native, 123; nematode, 734; notochord, 803; oligotrophic, 76; osteoblast, 942; phase, 562; photic, 80; plane, 700; polar, 188; polymerase, 334; precision, 822; preen, 862; primary, 62; prime, 331; prokaryote, 186; protist, 543; protozoan, 542; pyrrophyta, 555; retain, 884; sense, 886; sequence, 373; spine, 646; stigma, 669; structure, 796; substitution, 346; supplement, 559; survive, 708; suspend, 163; table, 20; target, 1032; transformation, 327, 367; transport, 224, 767; trial, 913; trichome, 636; widespread, 527 Volcano, 62, 393 Voluntary muscle, 948 Volvox, 558 von Frisch, Karl, 908 W Waggle dance, honeybee, 779 Wallace, Alfred Russell, 422 Wart, 525 Water, acid-base chemistry and, 164; alkalinity of, 172; aquatic ecosystems and. See Aquatic ecosystem; cohesiveadhesive nature of, 162; as compound, 151; concentration of in blood, 1037; covalent bonds in, 152, 161; cycling of, 46; density of, 162; diffusion of (osmosis), 203–205; disease from contaminated, 1079; distribution of on Earth, 74; as essential for life, 162; as limiting factor, 61; loss of by body, 1007 act; as natural resource, 123; pH of, 162, 172; plant reproduction and, 606, 663; polarity, 161, 162; properties, 161, 162; specific heat, 162; as universal solvent, 162; Van der Waals forces and, 155 Water cycle, 46 Water flea, 771 Water mold, 543, 543, 564 Water pollution, 126, 172 Water-soluble vitamin, 1028 Water vapor, 46 Water-vascular system, 795 Watson, James, 12, 329, 330, 350 Wax, 169 Weather, 65, 66, 94–95 Weathering, 45 Web (spider), 772 Wegener, Alfred, 400 Welwitschia, 618 West African sleeping sickness, 552 West Nile Virus, 106, 1078, 1080 Wetland, 74, 78, 841 Wetland plant, 78 Whale, 894, 895, 895 act Whisker, 880 White blood cell, 939, 946, 998, 1085 White rhinoceros, 124 White tail deer, dispersion of, 92, 93 Whorled leaf arrangement, 645 Wildlife biologist, 28, 487 Wildlife conservation biologist, 82 Wiley, Ron, 16, 18 Wilkins, Maurice, 12, 329, 330, 350 Wilson, Allan, 472 Wind pollination, 671 Wings, bird, 861–863; insect, 775, 777 Wishbone, 862 Woese, Carl, 695 Wolves, Isle Royale study of, 94–95 Wong-Staal, Flossie, 1081 Wood, 642 Woodchuck, 893, 894 Woodland, 69 Wood scientist, 618 World Health Organization (WHO), 1081 World Heritage site, 131 Worm. See Earthworm; Flatworm; Roundworm; Segmented worm X X chromosome, dosage compensation (X-inactivation) and, 306; gender determination and, 305; sex-linked traits and, 307