Combustion processes in propulsion : control, noise, and pulse detonation.

Contents FOREWORD J. A. Alexander xix THE EDITOR xxi CONTRIBUTORS xxiii PREFACE xxxi INTRODUCTION xxxiii SECTION ONE CONTROL OF COMBUSTION PROCESSES i Chapter 1 Simultaneous Velocity and Temperature Field Measurements of a Jet Flame X. Lourenco and E, Koc-Alkislar 3 1.1 Introduction 3 1.2 Test Arrangement and Results 4 1.3 Concluding Remarks 7 Acknowledgments 7 Chapter 2 Infrared Absorption Tomography for Active Combustion Control F. C. Gouldin and J, L, Edwards 9 2.1 Introduction 9 2.2 Absorption Tomography 10 2.3 Infrared Absorption and Flow Facility 11 2.4 Proper Orthogonal Decomposition 12 2.5 Results 14 2.6 Concluding Remarks 19 References 19 V l l Vlll COMBUSTION PROCESSES IN PROPULSION Chapter 3 Deterministic and Probabilistic Approaches for Prediction of Two-Phase Turbulent Flow in Liquid-Fuel Combustors G. B. Jacobs, R. V, R. Pandya, B, Shoiorhan, Z. Gao, and F. Mashayek 21 3.1 Introduction 21 3.2 Direct Numerical Simulation of Countercurrent Shear Flow 22 3.3 Probability Density Function Modeling 25 3.4 Concluding Remarks 29 Acknowledgments 29 References 29 Chapter 4 Large-Scale Simulations of Turbulent Combustion and Propulsion Systems A, Afshari and F, A, Jaheri 31 4.1 Introduction 31 4.2 Theoretical/Computational Approach 32 4.3 Results and Discussion 35 Acknowledgments 37 References 37 Chapter 5 Direct Simulation of Primary Atomization D. P. Schmidt 39 5.1 Introduction 39 5.2 Past Work 40 5.3 Objectives 42 5.4 Methodology 43 5.5 Tasks 45 Acknowledgments 46 References 47 Chapter 6 Extinction and Relight in Opposed Premixed Flames E. Korusoy and J, H. Whitelaw 49 6.1 Introduction 50 6.2 Experimental Setup 50 6.3 Results 52 6.4 Concluding Remarks 61 Acknowledgments 63 References 63 CONTENTS IX Chapter 7 Influence of Markstein Number on the Parametric Acoustic Instability N, J. Killingsworth and R. C. Aldredge 65 7.1 Introduction 65 7.2 Experimental Procedure 67 7.3 Results 69 7.4 Concluding Remarks 72 Acknowledgments 73 References 73 Chapter 8 Prevaporized JP-10 Combustion and the Enhanced Production of Turbulence Using Countercurrent Shear D,J. ForlHi^ A, A, Behrens, B,A. Tang, and P.J. Strykowski 75 8.1 Introduction 75 8.2 Prevaporized JP-10 Combustion 76 8.3 Combustion Facilities 76 8.4 Results and Discussion: Combustion Studies 78 8.5 Enhanced Production of Turbulence 80 8.6 Shear Layer Facility 81 8.7 Results and Discussion: Shear Layer Studies 82 8.8 Concluding Remarks 85 Acknowledgments 85 References 85 Chapter 9 Mixing Control for Jet Flows M. Krstic 87 9.1 Introduction 87 9.2 Jet Flow Model and Simulation Techniques 88 9.3 Simulation of Open-Loop Jet Flow 91 9.4 Destabilization and Mixing of Massless Particles 91 9.5 Mixing of Particles with Mass 92 9.6 Mixing of Passive Scalar 95 Acknowledgments 95 References 96 Chapter 10 Characteristics and Control of a Multiswirl Spray Combustor E.J. Gutmark, G. Li, and S. Abraham 97 10.1 Introduction 97 X COMBUSTION PROCESSES IN PROPULSION 10.2 Experimental Setup 98 10.3 Results and Discussions 98 10.4 Particle Image Velocimetry Results 106 10.5 Concluding Remarks 106 Acknowledgments 109 References 109 Chapter 11 Swirling Jet Systems for Combustion Control F.F. Grinsiein and T.R, Young 111 11.1 Introduction Ill 11.2 Numerical Simulation Model 113 11.3 Swirl Initial Conditions 114 11.4 Results and Discussion 115 11.5 Concluding Remarks 124 Acknowledgments 125 References 125 Chapter 12 Control of Flame Structure in Spray Combustion A.K. Gupta, B, Habibzadeh, S, Archer, and M, Linck 129 12.1 Introduction 129 12.2 Experimental Facility 130 12.3 Results 132 12.4 Concluding Remarks 135 Acknowledgments 137 References 137 Chapter 13 Porous Media Burners for Clean Engines J. J. WHton and E. Noordally 139 13.1 Introduction 139 13.2 Experimental Setup 140 13.3 Concluding Remarks 143 Acknowledgments 143 References 144 Chapter 14 Simulations of a Porous Burner for a Gas Turbine J,L, Ellzey, A.J, Barra, and G, Diepvens 145 14.1 Introduction 145 14.2 Numerical Method 146 CONTENTS xi 14.3 Results 148 14.4 Concluding Remarks 153 Acknowledgments 153 References 153 Chapter 15 Characteristics and Control of Combustion Instabilities in a Swirl-Stabilized Spray Combustor S. Acharya and J, H, Uhm 157 15.1 Introduction 157 15.2 Experimental Setup 158 15.3 Results and Discussions 159 15.4 Concluding Remarks 167 Acknowledgments 167 References 167 Chapter 16 Combustion and Mixing Control Studies for Advanced Propulsion B. Pang, S, Cipolla, O. Hsu, V, Nenmeni, and K, Yu 169 16.1 Introduction 169 16.2 Vortex-Stabilized Flames and Heat Release 170 16.3 Dump Combustor Characterization and Liquid-Fueled Active Control 174 16.4 High-Enthalpy Inlet Experiment and Critical Fuel-Flux Model . . . 176 16.5 Passive Control of Supersonic Mixing 177 Acknowledgments 179 References 179 Chapter 17 Active Pattern Factor Control on an Advanced Combustor 5. C. Creighton and J, A, Lovett 181 17.1 Introduction 181 17.2 Fuel Delivery System 182 17.3 Fuel Control Valves 183 17.4 Optical Sensors 185 17.5 Computational Results 187 17.6 Concluding Remarks 189 Acknowledgments 189 References 190 Xll COMBUSTION PROCESSES IN PROPULSION Chapter 18 System Design Methods for Simultaneous Optimal Control of Combustion Instabilities and Efficiency W, T, Baumann, W. R. Saunders, and U. Vandsburger 191 18.1 Introduction 191 18.2 Pulsed and Subharmonic Control 192 18.3 Least-Mean-Square-Based Algorithms 193 18.4 Direct Optimization Algorithms 196 18.5 Concluding Remarks 199 Acknowledgments 200 References 200 Chapter 19 Model-Based Optimal Active Control of Liquid-Fueled Combustion Systems D, Wee, 5. Park, T. Yi, A.M. Annaswamy, andA.F. Ghoniem 201 19.1 Introduction 201 19.2 Shear-Flow Driven Combustion Instability 202 19.3 A Recursive Proper Orthogonal Decomposition Algorithm for Flow Control Problems 204 19.4 Adaptive Low-Order Posi-Cast Control of a Combustor Test-Rig Model 207 19.5 Concluding Remarks 209 Acknowledgments 209 References 209 SECTION TWO HIGH-SPEED JET NOISE 211 Chapter 1 Aeroacoustics and Emissions Studies of Swirling Combustor Flows S, H. Frankel, J, P. Gore, and L. Mongeau 213 1.1 Introduction 213 1.2 Previous Work 214 1.3 Preliminary Work 219 1.4 Future Plan 220 1.5 Concluding Remarks 221 Acknowledgments 221 References 221 CONTENTS Xlll Chapter 2 Considerations for the Measurement of Very-High-Amplitude Noise Fields A. A, Atchley and T, B, Gabrielson 223 2.1 Introduction 223 2.2 Technical Approach 226 2.3 Concluding Remarks 229 Acknowledgments 229 References 230 Chapter 3 High-Speed Jet Noise Reduction Using Microjets A. Krothapallij B. Greska, and V. Arakeri 231 3.1 Introduction 231 3.2 Experimental Setup and Procedures 233 3.3 Results and Discussion 236 3.4 Concluding Remarks 241 Acknowledgments 242 References 242 Chapter 4 Acoustic Test Flight Results with Prediction for Military Aircraft During FCLP Mission J. M, Seiner^ L. Ukeiley^ and B, J. Jansen 245 4.1 Introduction 245 4.2 Acoustic Flight-Test Preparation 246 4.3 Systems Noise Prediction of Flight-Test Points 249 4.4 Model-Scale Developments 251 4.5 Bluebell Nozzle Application 254 4.6 Concluding Remarks and Future Plans 256 Acknowledgments 257 References 258 Chapter 5 Computational Fluid Dynamics Simulations of Supersonic Jet-Noise Reduction Concepts S. M. Dash, D. C. Kenzakowski, C, Kannepalli, J. D, Chenoweth, and N. Sinha 259 5.1 Introduction 259 5.2 Microjet Injection Studies 262 5.3 Military Aircraft Model Studies 266 r COMBUSTION PROCESSES IN PROPULSION 5.4 Concluding Remarks 266 Acknowledgments 269 References 269 SECTION THREE PULSE DETONATION ENGINES 271 Chapter 1 Investigation of Spray Detonation Characteristics Using a Controlled, Homogeneously Seeded, Two-Phase Mixture B. M. Knappe and C. F, Edwards 273 1.1 Introduction 274 1.2 Experimental Setup: Tube Seeding 274 1.3 Experimental Setup: Detonation Tube 276 1.4 Results: Two-Phase Mixture Homogeneity 277 1.5 Results: Two-Phase Detonation of Hexane 279 1.6 Concluding Remarks 281 Acknowledgments 281 Chapter 2 Deflagration-to-Detonation Studies for Multicycle PDE Applications R,J. Santoroj S,-Y, Lee, C. Conrad, J. Brumberg, S, Saretto, S, Pal, and R, D, Woodward 283 2.1 Introduction 284 2.2 Experimental Setup 284 2.3 Results and Discussion 286 2.4 Concluding Remarks 290 Acknowledgments 291 References 291 Chapter 3 Initiator Diffraction Limits in a Pulse Detonation Engine C. M. Brophy, J. O. Sinihaldi, and D. W. Netzer 293 3.1 Introduction 293 3.2 Experimental Setup 296 3.3 Results 297 3.4 Concluding Remarks 302 Acknowledgments 303 References 303 CONTENTS XV Chapter 4 The Role of Geometrical Factors in Deflagration-to-Detonation Transition N, N. Smirnov, V, F. Nikitin^ V, M. Shevisova, and J. C. Legros 305 4.1 Introduction 305 4.2 Numerical Studies of Combustion Propagation Regimes 306 4.3 Turbulizing Chambers at the Ignition Section 307 4.4 Turbulizing Chambers along the Tube 307 4.5 Turbulizing Chambers at the Far-End of the Tube 310 4.6 Effect of Initial Temperature 311 4.7 Concluding Remarks 312 Acknowledgments 313 References 314 Chapter 5 Pseudospark-Based Pulse Generator for Corona-Assisted Combustion Experiments A, Kuthif J. Liu, C, Young, L.-C, Lee, and M. Gundersen 315 5.1 Introduction 315 5.2 Design 316 5.3 Operation 318 5.4 Concluding Remarks 320 Acknowledgments 320 References 320 Chapter 6 Breakup of Droplets under Shock Impact C. Segal, A. Chandy, and D. Mikolaitis 321 6.1 Introduction 321 6.2 Experimental Setup 323 6.3 Results 324 6.4 Concluding Remarks 327 Acknowledgments 327 References 327 Chapter 7 Impulse Production by Injecting Fuel-Rich Combustion Products in Air A, A. Borisov 329 7.1 Introduction 329 7.2 Experimental Study 331 XVI COMBUSTION PROCESSES IN PROPULSION 7.3 Experimental Results 332 7.4 Numerical Modeling 334 7.5 Discussion 339 7.6 Concluding Remarks 339 Acknowledgments 340 Chapter 8 Thermodynamic Evaluation of the Dual-Fuel PDE Concept S, M. Frolov and N, M. Kuzneisov 341 8.1 Introduction 341 8.2 Liquid-Vapor Phase Equilibrium Curves for Individual Components 342 8.3 Calculation of the Total Pressure of Two-Phase System at Isotherms 344 8.4 Results of Total Pressure Calculations 346 8.5 Calculation of Activity Coefficients and Gas-Phase Composition .. 347 8.6 Ideal Solution Approximation 350 8.7 Ternary System Water - Hydrogen Peroxide-Air 351 8.8 Ternary System Water - Hydrogen Peroxide-Jet Propulsion Fuel 352 8.9 Concluding Remarks 352 Acknowledgments 353 References 353 Chapter 9 Thermal Decomposition of JP-10 Studied by Microflow Tube Pyrolysis-Mass Spectrometry R, J. Green, S, Nakra, and S, L. Anderson 355 9.1 Introduction 355 9.2 Experimental Setup 356 9.3 Results and Discussion 356 9.4 Concluding Remarks 363 Acknowledgments 363 References 363 Chapter 10 Laser Diagnostics and Combustion Chemistry for Pulse Detonation Engines R, K. Hanson, D. W. Mattison, L. Ma, D. F, Davidson, and 5. T. Sanders 365 10.1 Introduction 365 10.2 Wavelength-Agile Temperature and Pressure Sensor 366 CONTENTS Xvii 10.3 Propane Sensor 368 10.4 Ethylene-Based Active Control 369 10.5 Two-Phase Mixture Diagnostic 370 10.6 Shock-Tube Studies 371 10.7 Concluding Remarks 373 Acknowledgments 375 References 375 Chapter 11 Computational Studies of Pulse Detonation Engines K. Kailasanathj C. Li, and S. Cheatham 377 11.1 Introduction 377 11.2 Performance Estimates of an Idealized Pulse Detonation Engine 379 11.3 Thermodynamic Cycle Analysis 383 11.4 Detonation Transition 385 11.5 Multiphase Detonations 386 11.6 Concluding Remarks 387 Acknowledgments 387 References 387 Chapter 12 Simulation of Direct Initiation of Detonation Using Realistic Finite-Rate Models K.-S. Im and S.-T.J. Yu 389 12.1 Introduction 389 12.2 Theoretical Model 391 12.3 Results and Discussions 393 12.4 Concluding Remarks 395 Acknowledgments 396 References 396 Chapter 13 System Performance and Thrust Chamber Optimization of Air-Breathing Pulse Detonation Engines V. Yang, F. H. Ma, and J. Y. Choi 397 13.1 Introduction 397 13.2 Effect of Nozzle Configuration on PDE Performance 398 13.3 Single-Tube Thrust Chamber Dynamics 400 13.4 Multitube Thrust Chamber Dynamics 401 XVlll COMBUSTION PROCESSES IN PROPULSION 13.5 Concluding Remarks 405 Acknowledgments 405 References 405 Chapter 14 Software Development for Automated Parametric Study and Performance Optimization of Pulse Detonation Engines J.'L. Cambier and M. R. Arain 407 14.1 Introduction 407 14.2 Object-Oriented Design 408 14.3 Virtual Design Environment 408 14.4 Approach and Results 409 14.5 Concluding Remarks 412 Acknowledgments 412 References 412 INDICES 413 Subject Index 415 Author Index 438 COLOR PLATE I