Toxicology of organophosphate and carbamate compounds

Contents Contributors Foreword Kai M. Savolainen Uses, Abuses, & Epidemiology 1. Introduction Ramesh C. Gupta 2. Classification and Uses of Organophosphates and Carbamates Ramesh C. Gupta 3. Therapeutic Uses of Cholinesterase Inhibitors in Neurodegenerative Diseases Randall L. Woltjer and Dejan Milatovic 4. Coadministration of Mernantine with Acetylcholinesterase Inhibitors. Preclinical and Clinical Evidence Andrzej Dekundy 5. Cholinesterase Inhibitors as Chemical Warfare Agents: Community Preparedness Guidelines Annetta Watson, Kulbir Bakshi, Dennis Opresko, Robert Young, Veronique Hauschild, and Joseph King 6. Organophosphates and the Gulf War Syndrome Linda A. McCauley 7. The Bhopal Accident and Methyl Isocyanate Toxicity Daya R. Varma and Shree Mulay 8. Global Epidemiology of Organophosphate and Carbamate Poisonings Tetsuo Satoh x v 25 35 47 69 79 89 Pharmacokinetics & Metabolism 9. Physiologically Based Pharmacokinetic Modeling of Organophosphorus and Carbamate Pesticides Charles Timchalk 10. Metabolism of Organophosphorus and Carbamate Pesticides Jun Tang, Randy L. Rose, and Janice E. Chambers 1 1. Interspecies Variation in Toxicity of Cholinesterase Inhibitors Stephanie J. Garcia, Michael Aschner, and Tore Syversen Esterases, Receptors, Mechanisms, & Tolerance Development 12. Structure and Function of Cholinesterases Zoran Radic and Palmer Taylor 13. Cholinesterase Pharmacogenetics Roberta Goodall 14. Methods for Measuring Cholinesterase Activities in Human Blood Elsa Reiner and Vera Simeon-Rudolf 15. Interactions of Organophosphorus and Carbamate Compounds with Cholinesterases Lester G. Sultatos 16. Structure, Function, and Regulation of Carboxylesterases Masakiyo Hosokawa and Tetsuo Satoh 103 127 145 161 187 199 209 219 vii viii Contents 17. Noncholinesterase Mechanisms of Central and Peripheral Neurotoxicity: Muscarinic Receptors and Other Targets David A. Jett and Pamela J. Lein 18. Paraoxonase Polymorphisms and Toxicity of Organophosphates Lucio G. Costa, Toby B. Cole, Annabella Vitalone, and Clement E. Furlong 19. Tolerance Development to Toxicity of Cholinesterase Inhibitors Frode Fonnum and Sigrun Hanne Sterri Organ Toxicity 20. Central Nervous System Effects and Neurotoxicity Carey N. Pope 21. Developmental Neurotoxicity of Organophosphates: A Case Study of Chlorpyrifos Theodore A. Slotlcin 22. In Vitro Models for Testing Organophosphate-lnduced Neurotoxicity and Remediation Evelyn Tiffany-Castiglioni, Vijayanagaram Venkatraj, Yongchang Qian, and James R. Wild 23. Electrophysiological Mechanisms in Neurotoxicity of Organophosphates and Carbamates Toshio Narahashi 24. Behavioral Toxicity of Cholinesterase Inhibitors Philip J. Bushnell and Virginia C. Moser 25. Peripheral Nervous System Effects and Delayed Neuropathy Angelo Moretto and Marcello Lotti 26. Intermediate Syndrome in Organophosphate Poisoning Jan L. De Bleecker 27. Cardiovascular Toxicity of Cholinesterase lnhibitors Csaba K. Zoltani, G. D. Thome, and Steven I. Baskin 233 247 257 271 293 315 339 347 361 371 381 28. Pulmonary Toxicity of Cholinesterase Inhibitors Corey J. Hilmas, Michael Adler, and Steven I. Baskin 29. Approaches to Defining and Evaluating the Inhalation Pharmacology and Toxicology Hazards of Anticholinesterases Harry Salem and Bryan Ballantyne 30. Dermal Absorption/Toxicity of Organophosphates and Carbamates Jim E. Riviere 31. Local and Systemic Ophthalmic Pharmacology and Toxicology of Organophosphate and Carbamate Anticholinesterases Bryan Ballantyne 32. Reproductive Toxicity of Organophosphate and Carbamate Pesticides Suresh C. Sikka and Nilgun Gurbuz 33. Placental Toxicity of Organophosphate and Carbamate Pesticides Olavi Pelkonen, Kirsi V~ihiikangas, and Ramesh C. Gupta 34. Endocrine Disruption by Organophosphate and Carbamate Pesticides Shigeyuki Kitamura, Kazumi Sugihara, and Nariaki Fujimoto 35. Organophosphates, Carbamates, and the Immune System Raghubir P. Sharma Nonspecific Toxic Effects 36. Oxidative Stress in Anticholinesterase- Induced Excitotoxicity Wolf-D. Dettbarn, Dejan Milatovic, and Ramesh C. Gupta 37. DNA Damage, Gene Expression, and Carcinogenesis by Organophosphates and Carbamates Manashi Bagchi, Shirley Zafra, and Debasis Bagchi 389 399 411 423 447 463 481 495 511 533 Contents ix 38. Temperature Regulation in Experimental Mammals and Humans Exposed to Organophosphate and Carbamate Agents Christopher J. Gordon, Cina M. Mack, and Pamela J. Rowsey 39. Occupational Toxicology and Occupational Hygiene Aspects of Organophosphate and Carbamate Anticholinesterases with Particular Reference to Pesticides Bryan Ballantyne and Harry Salem Risk Assessment & Regulations 40. Public Health Impacts of Organophosphates and Carbamates Daphne B. Moffett 41. Cumulative Effects of Organophosphorus or Carbamate Pesticides Stephanie Padilla 42. Federal Regulations and Risk Assessment of Organophosphate and Carbamate Pesticides Anna B. Lowit 43. Regulatory Considerations in Developmental Neurotoxicity of Organophosphorus and Carbamate Pesticides Susan L. Makris 549 567 599 607 617 633 44. WHO/FAO Guidelines for Cholinesterase- Inhibiting Pesticide Residues in Food P. K. Gupta Aquatic Life & Wildlife 45. Aquatic Toxicity of Carbamates and Organophosphates Arun K. Ray and Manik C. Ghosh 46. Toxidty of Organophosphorus and Carbamate Insecticides Using Birds as Sentinels for Terrestrial Vertebrate Wildlife Spencer R. Mortensen Analytical & Biomarkers 47. Analysis of Organophosphate and Carbamate Pesticides and Anticholinesterase Therapeutic Agents Anant V. Jain 48. Biomarkers of Organophosphate Exposure Oksana Lockridge and Lawrence M. Schopfer Therapeutic Measures 49. Management of Organophosphorus Pesticide Poisoning Timothy C. Marrs and J. Allister Vale Index 643 657 673 681 703 715 735