Essentials of Stem Cell Biology

U ulcers, burns and skin, 523–528 undifferentiated human embryonic stem cells, 400, 401 Unitarian hypothesis, 309 UV irradiated sperm, 461 V Van Waardenburg disease, 357 vascular biology, ES cell differentiation culture for, 265–268 vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), 70, 267–268, 280, 281, 388, 527, 563, 577 vascular progenitor cells, human, 228–229, 227–231 vascular support, 247–248 vasculature, ontogeny of, 202 vasculogenesis, 199–205, 227, 526 vasculogenic embryonic cells, 227–228 vectors, viral, 592–593 VEGF (vascular endothelial growth factor), 70, 267–268, 280, 281, 388, 527, 563, 577 ventricular myocytes, 529, 535, 541 vertebrate embryo, neurogenesis in, 157–166 embryonic induction and establishment of neural tissue, 157 negative regulators of proneural activity, 164–166 neural induction, molecular bases of, 157–159 neural patterning, 160–164 neurogenesis to gliogenesis, switch from, 166 neuronal differentiation by sox proteins, regulation of, 166 overview, 157 potential links between neural patterning and neurogenesis control, 164 proneural cascade, 164 proneural gene cascade, 161–164 proneural gene expression, 164 proneural target genes during neuronal differentiation, divergence of, 166 regulation of neuronal differentiation by REST/NRSF, 166 very small embryonic-like (VSEL) stem cells, 518 viral vectors, 410, 592–593 von Willebrand (vW)฀1 endothelium, 202 von Willebrand (vW) factor, 231 W WB3-44 cells, 292 Weiss, S., 179 Wilms tumor suppressor gene (WTI), 278–279 Wnt/b-catenin signaling pathway, 319–320 Wnt genes, 319, 320 Wnt pathway, 196 Wnt signaling, 45, 195, 478 wound healing, gene therapy approaches in, 526–527 Wozney, John, 243 WTI (Wilms tumor suppressor gene), 278–279 X X-chromosome inactivation (XCI), 97, 287, 310, 318, 325, 353, 361, 381, 439– 441, 469 escape from, 97–98 reactivation and imprinted XCI, 98 Xist and heterochromatin assembly, 97 X-chromosome reactivation, 134 xenogeneic transplant model, 446 xenograft assay, for solid tumors, 474 Xenopus, 214, 304 Xenopus laevis, 274 xenotransplantation, 624, 625, 554, 559 Xist expression, 97, 135 XX-to-XY ratio, 361 Y yolk sac (YS), 200–201, 213 YS (yolk sac), 200–201, 213 Z zebrafish, 459–465 zinc finger transcription factor, 200 zona occludens-1 (ZO-1), 149 zona pellucida (ZP), 353, 355, 500 ZP (zona pellucida), 353, 355, 500