Biology : science for life

Preface vii General Principles in Biology Chapter 1 Can Science Cure the Common Cold? Introduction to the Scientific Method 1 1.1 The Process of Science 2 The Logic of Hypothesis Testing 3 The Experimental Method 5 Using Correlation to Test Hypotheses 9 Understanding Statistics 11 1.2 Evaluating Scientific Information 14 Information from Anecdotes 14 Science in the News 15 Understanding Science from Secondary Sources 16 1.3 Is There a Cure for The Common Cold? 17 Essay 1.1 The Social Context of Science 7 Chapter Review 18 Chapter 2 The Only Diet You Will Ever Need Cells and Metabolism 22 2.1 Nourishing Your Body 24 Balancing Nutrients 24 Balancing Energy 32 2.2 Converting Food into Energy 35 The Digestive System 35 Cells 37 Mitochondria 40 Cellular Respiration 40 2.3 Body Fat and Health 43 Evaluating How Much Body Fat Is Healthful 44 Unit One xxiv Contents Obesity 46 Anorexia and Bulimia 48 Focus on Fit, Not Fat 50 Essay 2.1 Photosynthesis: How Plants Make Food 42 Chapter Review 50 Chapter 3 Prospecting for Biological Gold Biodiversity and Classification 54 3.1 The Organization of Life’s Diversity 56 How Diverse Is Life? 57 Kingdoms and Domains 59 3.2 Locating Valuable Species 62 Bacteria and Archaea 62 Protista 63 Animalia 64 Fungi 67 Plantae 69 3.3 Tools of the Bioprospector 70 Fishing for Useful Products 71 Discovering Relationships Among Species 71 Learning from the Shaman 75 Essay 3.1 Understanding Deep Time 68 Essay 3.2 Diversity’s Rocky Road 72 Chapter Review 77 The Genetic Basis of Life Chapter 4 Are You Only As Smart As Your Genes? The Science of Inheritance 80 4.1 The Inheritance of Traits 82 The Nature of Genes 83 The Nature of Inheritance 84 A Special Case—Identical Twins 87 Unit Two Contents xxv 4.2 The Role of Genes in Determining Traits 89 When the Role of Genes Is Clear 89 When the Role of Genes Is Unclear 93 4.3 Genes, Environment, and the Individual 98 The Use and Misuse of Heritability 99 How Do Genes Matter? 102 Essay 4.1 Gregor Mendel 88 Essay 4.2 Why Is the “Nature versus Nurture” Debate So Heated? 103 Chapter Review 104 Chapter 5 Cancer The Cell Cycle and Cell Division 108 5.1 What Is Cancer? 111 5.2 Cell Division 113 Interphase 114 Mitosis 114 Cytokinesis 116 Control of the Cell Cycle 116 Mutations 116 Risk Factors 121 5.3 Diagnosis and Treatment 125 Biopsy and Surgery 125 Chemotherapy and Radiation 126 Essay 5.1 Cancer Risk and Detection 122 Essay 5.2 Experimental Cancer Therapies 128 Chapter Review 129 Chapter 6 DNA Detective DNA Structure and Replication, Meiosis 132 6.1 Chromosomes and DNA 135 Chromosomes 135 DNA Structure 136 6.2 DNA Fingerprinting 139 6.3 How DNA Passes from Parents to Their Children 142 The Meiotic Cell Cycle 142 xxvi Contents Crossing Over and Random Alignment 149 6.4 Pedigrees 152 Essay 6.1 The Many Uses of DNA Fingerprinting 139 Chapter Review 155 Chapter 7 Genetic Engineering Gene Expression, Genetically Modified Organisms 158 7.1 Genetic Engineers 160 7.2 Genetic Engineers Can Use Bacteria to Synthesize Human Proteins 161 Producing rBGH 161 FDA Regulations 169 Basic versus Applied Research 169 7.3 Genetic Engineers Can Modify Foods 170 Why Are Crop Plants Genetically Modified? 170 How Are Crops Genetically Modified? 172 GMOs and Health 174 GM Crops and the Environment 174 7.4 Genetic Engineers Can Modify Humans 177 The Human Genome Project 177 Using Genetic Engineering to Cure Human Disease 179 It May Soon Be Possible to Clone Humans 182 Essay 7.1 Patenting 178 Essay 7.2 Stem Cells 180 Chapter Review 185 Evolution Chapter 8 Where Did We Come From? The Evidence for Evolution 188 8.1 What Is Evolution? 190 8.2 Charles Darwin and the Theory of Evolution 192 Unit Three Contents xxvii 8.3 Evaluating the Evidence for Evolution 193 The Biological Classification of Humans 196 Does Classification Reflect a Relationship Between Humans and Apes? 198 Does the Fossil Record Demonstrate a Biological Relationship Between Humans and Apes? 202 8.4 Evaluating the Hypotheses 209 Essay 8.1 Origin Stories 194 Essay 8.2 The Origin of Life 212 Chapter Review 213 Chapter 9 Evolving a Cure for AIDS Natural Selection 216 9.1 AIDS and HIV 218 AIDS Is a Disease of the Immune System 218 HIV Causes AIDS 219 The Course of HIV Infection 221 9.2 The Evolution of HIV 222 The Theory of Natural Selection 222 The Natural Selection of HIV 229 9.3 How Understanding Evolution Can Help Prevent AIDS 229 Combination Drug Therapy Can Slow HIV Evolution 231 Problems with Combination Drug Therapy 233 Magic’s Greatest Trick—Living with HIV 235 Essay 9.1 The Evidence Linking HIV to AIDS 221 Essay 9.2 Our Evolving Enemies 231 Essay 9.3 The Global Impact of HIV 234 Chapter Review 236 Chapter 10 Who Am I? Species and Races 240 10.1 All Humans Belong to the Same Species 242 The Biological Species Concept 242 The Process of Speciation 244 xxviii Contents 10.2 The Race Concept in Biology 248 Humans and the Race Concept 248 Modern Humans: A History 249 Testing the Hypothesis of Human Races 251 Human Races Have Never Been Truly Isolated 255 10.3 Why Human Groups Differ 258 Natural Selection 258 Genetic Drift 262 Assortative Mating and Sexual Selection 264 10.4 The Meaning of Differences Among Human Populations 264 Essay 10.1 The Hardy-Weinberg Theorem 256 Essay 10.2 The Hottentot Venus 265 Chapter Review 267 Health and Disease Chapter 11 Will Mad Cow Disease Become an Epidemic? Immune System, Bacteria, and Viruses 270 11.1 Infectious Agents 272 Bacteria 273 Viruses 276 Prions 279 11.2 Epidemics 281 Transmission of Infectious Agents 281 11.3 The Body’s Response to Infection: The Immune System 288 Making B and T Cells 290 Immune Response 292 There Is No Immune Response to Prions 294 11.4 Preventing the Spread of Prion Diseases 297 Essay 11.1 Antibotic-resistant Bacteria 276 Essay 11.2 Epidemics: The Plague and Polio 282 Chapter Review 298 Unit Four Chapter 12 Gender and Athleticism Developmental Biology, Reproductive Anatomy, and Endocrinology 302 12.1 The Origin of Biological Sex Differences 304 The Endocrine System 304 Sex Differences That Arise During Development 307 12.2 Sex Differences That Do Not Affect Athleticism 310 Producing Sperm Cells 311 Producing Egg Cells 313 Menstruation 316 12.3 Sex Differences That Affect Athleticism 318 Skeletal Differences 319 Differences in Muscle Mass 323 Differences in Body Fat 323 Cardiovascular Differences 324 12.4 Culture Affects Athleticism 325 Essay 12.1 Predicting the Fertile Period by Diagnosing Ovulation 315 Chapter Review 327 Chapter 13 Attention Deficit Disorder Brain Structure and Function 330 13.1 The Nervous System 332 13.2 The Brain 336 Cerebrum 337 Cerebellum 338 Brain Stem 338 ADD and Brain Structure and Function 340 13.3 Neurons 341 Neuron Structure 341 Neuron Function 342 Neurotransmission and ADD 346 Ritalin 346 Contents xxix 13.4 The Environment and ADD 347 Essay 13.1 Recreational Drugs and the Nervous System 348 Chapter Review 353 Ecology and Environment Chapter 14 Is Earth Experiencing a Biodiversity Crisis? Ecology and Conservation Biology 356 14.1 The Sixth Extinction 358 Measuring Extinction Rates 359 Nowhere to Live: Human Causes of Extinction 361 14.2 The Consequences of Extinction 367 Loss of Resources 367 Disrupting the Web of Life 370 Biophilia 374 14.3 Saving Species 376 How to Stop a Mass Extinction 376 One Species at a Time 378 Fish versus Humans? 385 Essay 14.1 The Pleistocene Extinctions 362 Essay 14.2 Global Climate Change 368 Chapter Review 386 Chapter 15 Can Earth Support the Human Population? Population and Plant Growth 390 15.1 Is the Human Population Too Large? 392 Human Population Growth 393 Limits to the Growth of Nonhuman Populations 394 Humans and Earth’s Carrying Capacity 396 15.2 Feeding the Human Population 402 Agriculture Seeks to Maximize Photosynthesis 403 Modern Agriculture and Future Food Production 415 xxx Contents Unit Five Can We Feed the World Today and Tomorrow? 418 Essay 15.1 398 Essay 15.2 The Green Revolution 414 Chapter Review 420 Appendix A: Metric System Conversions 429 Appendix B: Basic Chemistry for the Biology Student 429 Answers to Learning the Basics 435 Glossary 441 Credits 455 Index 459