Healthy people 2010. Volume II

15. Injury and Violence Prevention..................................................................... 15-1 Injury Prevention ................................................................................... 15-11 Unintentional Injury Prevention ............................................................. 15-23 Violence and Abuse Prevention............................................................ 15-43 16. Maternal, Infant, and Child Health................................................................ 16-1 Fetal, Infant, Child, and Adolescent Deaths ......................................... 16-12 Maternal Deaths and Illnesses ............................................................. 16-23 Prenatal Care ........................................................................................ 16-26 Obstetrical Care .................................................................................... 16-29 Risk Factors .......................................................................................... 16-32 Developmental Disabilities and Neural Tube Defects.......................... 16-38 Prenatal Substance Exposure .............................................................. 16-43 Breastfeeding, Newborn Screening, and Service Systems.................. 16-46 17. Medical Product Safety................................................................................. 17-1 18. Mental Health and Mental Disorders............................................................ 18-1 Mental Health Status Improvement ...................................................... 18-12 Treatment Expansion............................................................................ 18-16 State Activities....................................................................................... 18-21 19. Nutrition and Overweight.............................................................................. 19-1 Weight Status and Growth.................................................................... 19-10 Food and Nutrient Consumption........................................................... 19-18 Iron Deficiency and Anemia.................................................................. 19-36 Schools, Worksites, and Nutrition Counseling ..................................... 19-40 Food Security ........................................................................................ 19-44 20. Occupational Safety and Health................................................................... 20-1 21. Oral Health.................................................................................................... 21-1 ii 22. Physical Activity and Fitness ........................................................................ 22-1 Physical Activity in Adults........................................................................ 22-8 Muscular Strength/Endurance and Flexibility ....................................... 22-13 Physical Activity in Children and Adolescents ...................................... 22-17 Access................................................................................................... 22-25 23. Public Health Infrastructure.......................................................................... 23-1 Data and Information Systems................................................................ 23-9 Workforce.............................................................................................. 23-14 Public Health Organizations ................................................................. 23-15 Resources ............................................................................................. 23-19 Prevention Research ............................................................................ 23-20 24. Respiratory Diseases ................................................................................... 24-1 Asthma .................................................................................................. 24-13 Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease.............................................. 24-20 Obstructive Sleep Apnea ...................................................................... 24-22 25. Sexually Transmitted Diseases.................................................................... 25-1 Bacterial STD Illness and Disability...................................................... 25-15 Viral STD Illness and Disability............................................................. 25-19 STD Complications Affecting Females................................................. 25-21 STD Complications Affecting the Fetus and Newborn ......................... 25-24 Personal Behaviors............................................................................... 25-25 Community Protection Infrastructure .................................................... 25-29 Personal Health Services...................................................................... 25-30 26. Substance Abuse ......................................................................................... 26-1 Adverse Consequences of Substance Use and Abuse ....................... 26-13 Substance Use and Abuse ................................................................... 26-22 Risk of Substance Use and Abuse ....................................................... 26-38 Treatment for Substance Abuse........................................................... 26-43 State and Local Efforts.......................................................................... 26-45 27. Tobacco Use ................................................................................................ 27-1 Tobacco Use in Population Groups...................................................... 27-10 Cessation and Treatment ..................................................................... 27-19 iii Exposure to Secondhand Smoke ......................................................... 27-24 Social and Environmental Changes ..................................................... 27-29 28. Vision and Hearing ....................................................................................... 28-1 Vision .................................................................................................... 28-12 Hearing.................................................................................................. 28-14 Appendices A. Healthy People Consultative Process..............................................................A-1 B. Contributors to Healthy People 2010...............................................................B-1 C. The Secretary’s Council on National Health Promotion and Disease Prevention Objectives for 2010 .......................................................................C-1 D. Healthy People 2010 Steering Committee ......................................................D-1 E. Healthy People 2010 Work Group Coordinators.............................................E-1 F. Healthy People 2010 Work Group Members................................................... F-1 G. Healthy People Consortium Members............................................................ G-1 H. List of Abbreviations and Acronyms ................................................................H-1 Index........................................................................................................................... I-1 Healthy People 2010, Volume I Message from the Secretary......................................................................................... iii Foreword ........................................................................................................................v Reader’s Guide .......................................................................................................RG-1 Healthy People 2010: Understanding and Improving Health Introduction ...............................................................................................................1 A Systematic Approach to Health Improvement ......................................................7 Healthy People 2010 Goals................................................................................8 Objectives .........................................................................................................17 Determinants of Health .....................................................................................18 Health Status ....................................................................................................21 Leading Health Indicators.......................................................................................24 Physical Activity ................................................................................................26 Overweight and Obesity....................................................................................28 Tobacco Use.....................................................................................................30 Substance Abuse..............................................................................................32 iv Responsible Sexual Behavior...........................................................................34 Mental Health....................................................................................................36 Injury and Violence ...........................................................................................38 Environmental Quality.......................................................................................40 Immunization.....................................................................................................42 Access to Health Care......................................................................................44 Bibliography ............................................................................................................47 Appendix: Short Titles for Healthy People 2010 Objectives ..................................53 Healthy People 2010: Objectives for Improving Health (Part A) 1. Access to Quality Health Services .................................................................. 1-1 Clinical Preventive Care.......................................................................... 1-13 Primary Care ........................................................................................... 1-18 Emergency Services ............................................................................... 1-29 Long-Term Care and Rehabilitative Services......................................... 1-34 2. Arthritis, Osteoporosis, and Chronic Back Conditions.................................... 2-1 Arthritis and Other Rheumatic Conditions .............................................. 2-11 Osteoporosis ........................................................................................... 2-17 Chronic Back Conditions ........................................................................ 2-20 3. Cancer ............................................................................................................. 3-1 4. Chronic Kidney Disease .................................................................................. 4-1 5. Diabetes........................................................................................................... 5-1 6. Disability and Secondary Conditions............................................................... 6-1 7. Educational and Community-Based Programs ............................................... 7-1 School Setting ......................................................................................... 7-12 Worksite Setting...................................................................................... 7-18 Health Care Setting................................................................................. 7-21 Community Setting and Select Populations ........................................... 7-22 8. Environmental Health ...................................................................................... 8-1 Outdoor Air Quality.................................................................................. 8-15 Water Quality .......................................................................................... 8-18 Toxics and Waste ................................................................................... 8-21 Healthy Homes and Healthy Communities............................................. 8-24 v Infrastructure and Surveillance............................................................... 8-28 Global Environmental Health .................................................................. 8-31 9. Family Planning .............................................................................................. 9-1 10. Food Safety .................................................................................................. 10-1 11. Health Communication ................................................................................. 11-1 12. Heart Disease and Stroke ............................................................................ 12-1 Heart Disease ....................................................................................... 12-16 Stroke .................................................................................................... 12-19 Blood Pressure...................................................................................... 12-20 Cholesterol ............................................................................................ 12-25 13. HIV................................................................................................................ 13-1 14. Immunization and Infectious Diseases ........................................................ 14-1 Diseases Preventable Through Universal Vaccination ........................ 14-11 Diseases Preventable Through Targeted Vaccination......................... 14-18 Infectious Diseases and Emerging Antimicrobial Resistance.............. 14-22 Vaccination Coverage and Strategies .................................................. 14-35 Vaccine Safety ...................................................................................... 14-49