Feelings : the perception of self
- نوع فایل : کتاب
- زبان : انگلیسی
- مؤلف : James D Laird
- ناشر : Oxford ; New York : Oxford University Press
- چاپ و سال / کشور: 2007
- شابک / ISBN : 9780195098891
Description
The problem of feelings -- Emotional expressions -- Postures, gaze, and action -- Autonomic arousal and emotional feeling -- Theoretical summary on emotion -- Nonemotional feelings: confidence, pride, and self-esteem -- Motivation and hunger -- Cognitive feelings of knowing, familiarity, and tip of the tongue -- Attitudes and cognitive dissonance -- Self-perception theory in full -- Self-perception, levels of organization, and the mind-body relation.
Feelings argues for the counter-intuitive idea that feelings do not cause behavior, but rather follow from behavior, and are, in fact, the way that we know about our own bodily states and behaviors. This point of view, often associated with William James, is called self-perception theory. Self-perception theory can be empirically tested by manipulating bodily states and behaviors in order to see if the corresponding feelings are produced. In this volume, James D. Laird presents hundreds of studies, all demonstrating that feelings do indeed follow from behavior. Behaviors that have been manipulated include facial expressions of emotion, autonomic arousal, actions, gaze, and postures. The feelings that have been induced include happiness, anger, fear, romantic love, liking, disliking, hunger, and feelings of familiarity. These feelings do not feel like knowledge because they are knowledge-by-acquaintance, such as the knowledge we have of how an apple tastes, rather than verbal, knowledge-by-description, such as the knowledge that apples are red, round, and edible. Many professional theories of human behavior, as well as common sense, explain actions by an appeal to feelings as causes. Laird argues to the contrary that if feelings are information about behaviors that are already ongoing, feelings cannot be causes and that the whole mechanistic model of human behavior as "caused" in this sense seems mistaken. He proposes an alternative, cybernetic model, involving hierarchically stacked control systems. In this model, feelings provide feedback to the control systems, and in a further elaboration, this model suggests that the stack of control systems matches a similar stack of levels of organization of the world. -- from publisher description
