Contemporary Ergonomics 1998.

HUGH STOCKBRIDGE MEMORIAL SESSION Ergonomics and Standards Introduction DM Anderson 2 Ergonomics standards—the good, the bad and the ugly T Stewart 3 International standardisation of graphical symbols for consumer products FR Brigham 8 The UK human factors defence standard: past, present and future RS Harvey 13 STEPHEN PHEASANT MEMORIAL SESSION The Contribution of Ergonomics to the Understanding and Prevention of Musculoskeletal Disorders Introduction S Lee and D Stubbs 20 The role of physical aspects PW Buckle 21 The combined effects of physical and psychosocial work factors J Devereux 25 The role of psychosocial factors AK Burton 30 MUSCULOSKELETAL DISORDERS Interpreting the extent of musculoskeletal complaints C Dickinson 36 People in pain DM Anderson 41 Prevention of musculoskeletal disorders in the workplace—a strategy for UK research LA Morris, R McCaig, M Gray, C Mackay, C Dickinson, T Shaw and N Watson 46 A musculoskeletal risk screening tool for automotive line managers A Wilkinson, RJ Graves, S Chambers and R Leaver 51 Risk assessment design for musculoskeletal disorders in healthcare professionals C Beynon, D Leighton, A Nevill and T Reilly 56 Ergonomic microscopes—solutions for the cyto-screener? JL May and AG Gale 61 Musculoskeletal discomfort from dancing in nightclubs SL Durham and RA Haslam 66 MANUAL HANDLING Is the ergonomic approach advocated in the Manual Handling Regulations being adopted? KM Tesh 72 Control of manual handling risks within a soft drinks distribution centre EJ Wright and RA Haslam 77 Training and patient-handling: an investigation of transfer JA Nicholls and MA Life 82 Risk management in manual handling for community nurses P Alexander 87 Children’s natural lifting patterns: an observational study F Cowieson 92 Manual handling and lifting during the later stages of pregnancy T Reilly and SA Cartwright 96 Posture analysis and manual handling in nursery professionals JO Crawford and RM Lane 101 POSTURE Can orthotics play a beneficial role during loaded and unloaded walking? DC Tilbury-Davis, RH Hooper and MGA Llewellyn 108 Investigation of spinal curvature while changing one’s posture during sitting FS Faiks and SM Reinecke 113 The effect of load size and form on trunk asymmetry while lifting G Thornton and J Jackson 118 The effect of vertical visual target location on head and neck posture R Burgess-Limerick, A Plooy and M Mon-Williams 123 OFFICE ERGONOMICS Is a prescription of physical changes sufficient to eliminate health and safety problems in computerised offices? RM Sharma 130 An evaluation of a trackball as an ergonomic intervention B Haward 135 Old methods, new chairs. Evaluating six of the latest ergonomic chairs for the modern office A Esnouf and JM Porter 140 NEW TECHNOLOGY Development of a questionnaire to measure attitudes towards virtual reality S Nichols 146 Orientation of blind users on the World Wide Web MP Zajicek, C Powell and C Reeves 151 “Flash, splash and crash”: Human factors and the implementation of innovative Web technologies A Pallant and G Rainbird 156 WORK STRESS Determining ergonomic factors in stress from work demands of nurses DW Jamieson and RJ Graves 162 A risk assessment and control cycle approach to managing workplace stress RJ Lancaster 167 TELEWORKING Teleworking: Assessing the risks M Kerrin, K Hone and T Cox 174 Evaluating teleworking—case study S Campion and A Clarke 179 TEAM WORKING Team organisational mental models: an integrative framework for research J Langan-Fox, S Code and G Edlund 186 The impact of IT&T on virtual team working in the European automotive industry C Carter and A May 191 WORK DESIGN The effect of communication processes upon workers and job efficiency A Dickens and C Baber 198 A case study of job design in a steel plant HT Neary and MA Sinclair 203 The effects of age and habitual physical activity on the adjustment to nocturnal shiftwork T Reilly, A Coldwells, G Atkinson and J Waterhouse 208 Job design for university technicians: work activity and allocation of function RF Harrison, A Dickens and C Baber 213 SYSTEM DESIGN AND ANALYSIS Allocation of functions and manufacturing job design based on knowledge requirements CE Siemieniuch, MA Sinclair and GMC Vaughan 220 The need to specify cognition within system requirements IS MacLeod 225 Analysis of complex communication tasks J Wikman 230 INFORMATION SYSTEMS Health and safety as the basis for specifying information systems design requirements TG Gough 236 Cognitive algorithms R Huston, R Shell and AM Genaidy 241 DESIGN METHODS Rapid prototyping in foam of 3D anthropometric computer models in functional postures S Peijs, JJ Broek and PN Hoekstra 248 The use of high and low level prototyping methods for product user interfaces JVH Bonner and P Van Schaik 253 Creative collaboration in engineering design teams F Reid, S Reed and J Edworthy 258 DESIGN AND USABILITY Pleasure and product semantics PW Jordan and AS Macdonald 264 A survey of usability practice and needs in Europe MC Maguire and R Graham 269 Cultural influence in usability assessment A Yeo, R Barbour and M Apperley 274 INTERFACE DESIGN Interface display designs based on operator knowledge requirements F Sturrock and B Kirwan 280 Understanding what makes icons effective: how subjective ratings can inform design SJP McDougall, MB Curry and O de Bruijn 285 Representing uncertainty in decision support systems: the state of the art C Parker 290 Representing reliability of at-risk information in tactical displays for fighter pilots M Piras, S Selcon, J Crick and IRL Davies 295 Semantic content analysis of task conformance A Totter and C Stary 300 WARNINGS Warnings: a task-oriented design approach JM Noyes and AF Starr 306 Effects of auditorily-presented warning signal words on intended carefulness RS Barzegar and MS Wogalter 311 Listeners’ understanding of warning signal words J Edworthy, W Clift-Matthews and M Crowther 316 Perceived hazard and understandability of signal words and warning pictorials by Chinese community in Britain AKP Leung and E Hellier 321 VERBAL PROTOCOL ANALYSIS Thinking about thinking aloud MJ Rooden 328 Adjusting the cognitive walkthrough using the think-aloud method M Verbeek and H van Oostendorp 333 Verbal protocol data for heart and lung bypass scenario simulation “scripts” J Lindsay and C Baber 338 Use of verbal protocol analysis in the investigation of an order picking task B Ryan and CM Haslegrave 343 PARTICIPATORY ERGONOMICS Selecting areas for intervention BL Somberg 350 Participatory ergonomics in the construction industry AM de Jong, P Vink and WF Schaefer 355 User trial of a manual handling problem and its “solution” D Klein, WS Green and H Kanis 360 INDUSTRIAL APPLICATIONS Case study: a human factors safety assessment of a heavy lift operation WI Hamilton and P Charles 366 The application of ergonomics to volume high quality sheet printing and finishing ML Porter 371 The application of human factors tools and techniques to the specification of an oil refinery process controller role J Edmonds and C Duggan 376 Feasibility study of containerisation for Travelling Post Office operations G Rainbird and J Langford 381 MILITARY APPLICATIONS The complexities of stress in the operational military environment MI Finch and AW Stedmon 388 The development of physical selection procedures. Phase 1: job analysis MP Rayson 393 The human factor in applied warfare AE Birkbeck 398 AIR TRAFFIC MANAGEMENT Getting the picture—Investigating the mental picture of the air traffic controller B Kirwan, L Donohoe, T Atkinson, H MacKendrick, T Lamoureux and A Phillips 404 Developing a predictive model of controller workload in air traffic management AR Kilner, M Hook, P Fearnside and P Nicholson 409 Assessing the capacity of Europe’s airspace: The issues, experience and a method using a controller workload model A Majumdar 414 Evaluation of virtual prototypes for air traffic control—the MACAW technique PJ Goillau, VG Woodward, CJ Kelly and GM Banks 419 Development of an integrated decision making model for avionics application D Donnelly, JM Noyes and DM Johnson 424 Psychophysiological measures of fatigue and somnolence in simulated air traffic control H David, P Cabon, S Bourgeois-Bougrine and R Mollard 429 DRIVERS AND DRIVING What’s skill got to do with it? Vehicle automation and driver mental workload M Young and N Stanton 436 The use of automatic speech recognition in cars: a human factors review R Graham 441 Integration of the HMI for driver systems: classifying functionality and dialogue T Ross 446 Subjective symptoms of fatigue among commercial drivers PA Desmond 451 How did I get here? Driving without attention mode JL May and AG Gale 456 Seniors’ driving style and overtaking: is there a “comfortable traffic hole”? T Wilson 461 Speed limitation and driver behaviour D Haigney and RG Taylor 466 The ergonomics implications of conventional saloon car cabins on police drivers SM Lomas and CM Haslegrave 471 The design of seat belts for tractors DH O’Neill and BJ Robinson 476 NOISE AND VIBRATION Auditory distraction in the workplace: a review of the implications from laboratory studies S Banbury and D Jones 482 Transmission of shear vibration through gloves GS Paddan and MJ Griffin 487 The effect of wrist posture on attenuation of vibration in the hand-arm system TK Fredericks and JE Fernandez 492 HAND TOOLS Criteria for selection of hand tools in the aircraft manufacturing industry: a review BP Kattel and JE Fernandez 498 Exposure assessment of ice cream scooping tasks PG Dempsey, R McGorry, J Cotnam and I Bezverkhny 503 THERMAL ENVIRONMENTS The effect of clothing fit on the clothing Ventilation Index LM Bouskill, N Sheldon, KC Parsons and WR Withey 510 A thermoregulatory model for predicting transient thermal sensation F Zhu and N Baker 515 The user-oriented design, development and evaluation of the clothing envelope of thermal performance D Bethea and KC Parsons 520 A comparison of the thermal comfort of different wheelchair seating materials and an office chair N Humphreys, LH Webb and KC Parsons 525 The effect of repeated exposure to extreme heat by fire training officers JO Crawford and TJ Milne 530 The effects of self-contained breathing apparatus on gas exchange and heart rate during fire-fighter simulations KJ Donovan and AK McConnell 535 The effect of external air speed on the clothing ventilation index LM Bouskill, R Livingston, KC Parsons and WR Withey 540 COMMUNICATING ERGONOMICS Commercial planning and ergonomics J Dillon 546 Human factors and design: Bridging the communication gap AS Macdonald and PW Jordan 551 Guidelines for addressing ergonomics in development aid T Jafry and DH O’Neill 556 Determining and evaluating ergonomic training needs for design engineers J Ponsonby and RJ Graves 560 Ergonomic ideals vs genuine constraints D Robertson, S Layton and J Elder 565 GENERAL ERGONOMICS Another look at Hick-Hyman’s reaction time law TO Kvهlseth 572 Design relevance of usage centred studies at odds with their scientific status? H Kanis 577 The integration of human factors considerations into safety and risk assessment systems JL Williamson-Taylor 582 The use of defibrillator devices by the lay public T Gorbell and R Benedyk 587 Occupational disorders in Ghanaian subsistence farmers M McNeill and DH O’Neill 592 AUTHOR INDEX 599 SUBJECT INDEX 603