Essentials of environmental toxicology : the effects of environmentally hazardous substances on human health

Preface xi Introduction to Environmental Toxicology 1 What Is Environmental Toxicology? 3 Terminology 3 History of Toxicology 4 Subdisciplines of Toxicology 7 Ecological Concepts 10 Relevance of Environmental Toxicology to the Human Species 12 Structural Levels of Organization 13 Review Questions 16 Toxicological Concepts 19 Toxicity 20 Toxicokinetics and Toxicodynamics 21 Classification of Toxicants 21 Determination of Toxicity 23 Determining the Doses to Test 25 Variables Affecting Toxicity 25 Review Questions 26 Dose-Response Relationships 29 Dose and Response Relationships 30 Dose-Response Graphs 30 Statistical Considerations of Dose-Response 32 1 Contents 2 3 viii Contents Interpreting Dose-Response Data 36 Review Questions 38 Absorption of Toxicants 43 Interaction of Toxicants with Cells 45 Cell Membrane Structure 45 Processes of Cellular Absorption 47 Cellular Uptake of Toxicants 48 Routes of Absorption 49 Review Questions 57 Distribution and Storage of Toxicants 59 Distribution of Toxicants 60 Factors Affecting Distribution of Toxicants to Tissues 63 Storage of Toxicants 65 Review Questions 68 Biotransformation and Elimination of Toxicants 71 Biotransformation of Toxicants 72 Biotransformation Reactions 73 Location of Biotransformation Reactions 73 Factors Affecting Biotransformation 75 Phase I Reactions 76 Phase II Reactions 76 Elimination of Toxicants 78 Additional Routes of Elimination 81 Review Questions 82 Target Organ Toxicity 85 Introduction to Target Organ Toxicity 87 Hematotoxicity 87 Hepatotoxicity 89 Nephrotoxicity 92 Neurotoxicity 94 Dermatotoxicity 96 4 5 6 7 Contents ix Pulmonotoxicity 99 Other Examples of Target Organ Toxicity 102 Review Questions 102 Teratogenesis, Mutagenesis, and Carcinogenesis 105 Introduction to Teratogenesis, Mutagenesis, and Carcinogenesis 107 Replication 107 Transcription and Translation 108 Teratogenesis 111 Mutagenesis 117 Carcinogenesis 120 Review Questions 122 Environmental Toxicants 125 Introduction to Environmental Toxicants 127 Pesticides 127 Plastics 133 Metals 133 Organic Solvents 137 Other Environmental Toxicants 139 Review Questions 140 Risk Assessment 143 Introduction to Risk 144 Risk Assessment 144 Risk Management 146 Safety 146 Conclusions 147 Review Questions 147 Appendix: Resources in Environmental Toxicology 149 Glossary 153 Index 165