Introduction to sports biomechanics : analysing human movement patterns

1 Movement patterns – the essence of sports biomechanics 1 Introduction 1 Defining human movements 3 Some fundamental movements 8 Movement patterns 35 Comparison of qualitative and quantitative movement analysis 36 Summary 40 Study tasks 40 Glossary of important terms 41 Further reading 42 2 Qualitative analysis of sports movements 43 Introduction 44 A structured analysis framework 44 Preparation stage – knowing what and how to observe 48 Observation stage – observing reliably 51 Evaluation and diagnosis stage – analysing what’s right and wrong in a movement 54 Intervention stage – providing appropriate feedback 56 Identifying critical features of a movement 59 Summary 72 Study tasks 73 Glossary of important terms 75 Further reading 76 Appendix 2.1 Universal and partially general movement (biomechanical) principles 76 3 More on movement patterns – the geometry of motion 83 Introduction 83 Movement patterns revisited 84 Fundamentals of movement 87 Linear motion and the centre of mass 90 The geometry of angular motion 93 The coordination of joint rotations 96 Summary 109 Study tasks 109 Glossary of important terms 111 Further reading 112 Appendix 3.1 Further exploration of angle–time patterns 112 4 Quantitative analysis of movement 115 Introduction 116 The use of videography in recording sports movements 117 Recording the movement 120 Experimental procedures 126 Data processing 133 Projectile motion 139 Linear velocities and accelerations caused by rotation 146 Rotation in three-dimensional space 146 Summary 148 Study tasks 149 Glossary of important terms 151 Further reading 152 Appendix 4.1 Data smoothing and filtering 153 Appendix 4.2 Basic vector algebra 157 5 Causes of movement – forces and torques 163 Introduction 164 Forces in sport 164 Combinations of forces on the sports performer 180 Momentum and the laws of linear motion 183 Force–time graphs as movement patterns 186 Determination of the centre of mass of the human body 189 Fundamentals of angular kinetics 191 Generation and control of angular momentum 195 Measurement of force 201 Measurement of pressure 213 Summary 215 Study tasks 216 Glossary of important terms 218 Further reading 222 6 The anatomy of human movement 223 Introduction 224 The body’s movements 225 The skeleton and its bones 232 The joints of the body 237 Muscles – the powerhouse of movement 241 Electromyography – what muscles do 258 Experimental procedures in electromyography 265 EMG data processing 268 Isokinetic dynamometry 273 Summary 276 Study tasks 276 Glossary of important terms 278 Further reading 280