The visual neurosciences. Vol. 1

Preface xiii I HISTORICAL FOUNDATIONS 1 1. Vision Structure and Function: The Early History Mitchell Glickstein 3 2. The Role of Single-Unit Analysis in the Past and Future of Neurobiology Horace Barlow 14 II DEVELOPMENTAL PROCESSES 31 3. Molecular Regulation of Vertebrate Retinal Development Colin J. Barnstable 33 4. Neurotrophins, Electrical Activity, and the Development of Visual Function Nicoletta Berardi and Lamberto Maffei 46 5. Developmental and Genetic Control of Cell Number in the Retina Robert W. Williams and Sally A. Moody 63 6. Development of the Vertebrate Retina Rachel O. L. Wong and Leanne Godinho 77 7. The Development of Retinal Decussations Carol Mason and Lynda Erskine 94 8. The Development of Eye-Specific Segregation in the Retino-Geniculo-Striate Pathway Barbara Chapman 108 vi  9. The Role of Neural Activity in the Development of Orientation Selectivity Chiayu Chiu and Michael Weliky 117 10. Mechanisms of Plasticity in the Visual Cortex Nigel W. Daw 126 11. Ontogenesis of Cortical Connectivity Henry Kennedy and Andreas Burkhalter 146 12. Neural Limitations on Visual Development in Primates Lynne Kiorpes and J. Anthony Movshon 159 13. Development of Spatial Selectivity and Response Timing in Humans Anthony M. Norcia 174 14. The Effects of Selected Forms of Early Visual Deprivation on Perception Donald E. Mitchell 189 15. Toward a Future for Aging Eyes R. A. Weale 205 III RETINAL MECHANISMS AND PROCESSES 213 16. Visual Transduction by Rod and Cone Photoreceptors Marie E. Burns and Trevor D. Lamb 215 17. How Retinal Circuits Optimize the Transfer of Visual Information Peter Sterling 234 18. ON and OFF Pathways in the Vertebrate Retina and Visual System Ralph Nelson and Helga Kolb 260 19. Retinal Synapses Martin Wilson 279 20. Retinal Neurotransmitters Robert E. Marc 304 21. Excitation in the Retina: The Flow, Filtering, and Molecules of Visual Signaling in the Glutamatergic Pathways from Photoreceptors to Ganglion Cells David R. Copenhagen 320 22. Peptide and Peptide Receptor Expression and Function in the Vertebrate Retina Nicholas C. Brecha 334 23. Inhibition in the Retina Malcolm M. Slaughter 355 24. Anatomy, Circuitry, and Physiology of Vertebrate Horizontal Cells Ido Perlman, Helga Kolb and Ralph Nelson 369 25. Retinal Amacrine Cells David I. Vaney 395 26. Ganglion Cells in Mammalian Retinae Paul R. Martin and Ulrike Grünert 410 27. Retinal Ganglion Cell Excitability Andrew T. Ishida 422 28. Direction Selectivity in Retinal Ganglion Cells Richard H. Masland 451 29. Spatial Regularity among Retinal Neurons Jeremy E. Cook 463 IV ORGANIZATION OF VISUAL PATHWAYS 479 30. The M, P, and K Pathways of the Primate Visual System Ehud Kaplan 481 31. Parallel Visual Pathways: A Comparative Perspective Vivien A. Casagrande and Xiangmin Xu 494 32. Organization of Visual Areas in Macaque and Human Cerebral Cortex David C. Van Essen 507 33. Communications between Cortical Areas of the Visual System Jean Bullier 522 34. Ventral and Dorsal Cortical Processing Streams Leslie G. Ungerleider and Tatiana Pasternak 541 V SUBCORTICAL PROCESSING 563 35. The Visual Relays in the Thalamus S. Murray Sherman and R. W. Guillery 565 36. The Visual Functions of the Pulvinar Christian Casanova 592 37. Feedback Systems in Visual Processing Adam M. Sillito and Helen E. Jones 609 38. Light Responsiveness and Photic Entrainment of the Mammalian Circadian Clock Johanna H. Meijer and Joseph S. Takahashi 625 39. Learning from the Pupil: Studies of Basic Mechanisms and Clinical Applications John L. Barbur 641 40. Blindsight Larry Weiskrantz 657 VI PROCESSING IN PRIMARY VISUAL CORTEX 671 41. Functional Connectivity in the Pathway from Retina to Striate Cortex R. Clay Reid and W. Martin Usrey 673 42. Cell Types and Local Circuits in Primary Visual Cortex of the Macaque Monkey Edward M. Callaway 680  vii viii  43. Assembly of Receptive Fields in Primary Visual Cortex David Ferster 695 44. A Modern View of the Classical Receptive Field: Linear and Nonlinear Spatiotemporal Processing by V1 Neurons Gregory C. DeAngelis and Akiyuki Anzai 704 45. Beyond the Classical Receptive Field: Contextual Modulation of V1 Responses Victor A. F. Lamme 720 46. Contributions of Vertical and Horizontal Circuits to the Response Properties of Neurons in Primary Visual Cortex Thomas R. Tucker and David Fitzpatrick 733 47. Nonlinear Properties of Visual Cortex Neurons: Temporal Dynamics, Stimulus Selectivity, Neural Performance Duane G. Albrecht, Wilson S. Geisler and Alison M. Crane 747 48. Binocular Interaction in the Visual Cortex Ralph D. Freeman 765 49. From Binocular Disparity to the Perception of Stereoscopic Depth Andrew J. Parker 779 VII DETECTION AND SAMPLING 793 50. Formation and Acquisition of the Retinal Image David R. Williams and Heidi Hofer 795 51. Thresholds and Noise Theodore E. Cohn 811 52. Ideal Observer Analysis Wilson S. Geisler 825 53. Scotopic Vision Walter Makous 838 54. Visual Adaptation Adam Reeves 851 55. Rod-Cone Interactions in Human Vision Steven L. Buck 863 VIII BRIGHTNESS AND COLOR 879 56. Brightness and Lightness Adriana Fiorentini 881 57. Color Appearance Kenneth Knoblauch and Steven K. Shevell 892 58. Chromatic Discrimination Joel Pokorny and Vivianne C. Smith 908 59. The Role of Color in Spatial Vision Karen K. De Valois 924 60. Pattern-Selective Adaptation in Color and Form Perception Michael A. Webster 936 61. Color Constancy David H. Brainard 948 62. Comparative Color Vision Gerald H. Jacobs 962 63. Molecular Genetics of Human Color Vision and Color Vision Defects Maureen Neitz and Jay Neitz 974 64. Linking Retinal Circuits to Color Opponency David J. Calkins 989 65. Neural Coding of Color Russell L. De Valois 1003 66. The Processing of Color in Extrastriate Cortex Karl R. Gegenfurtner and Daniel C. Kiper 1017 67. Improbable Areas in Color Vision Semir Zeki 1029 IX FORM, SHAPE, AND OBJECT RECOGNITION 1041 68. Spatial Scale in Visual Processing Robert F. Hess 1043 69. Spatial Channels in Vision and Spatial Pooling Hugh R. Wilson and Frances Wilkinson 1060 70. Contour Integration and the Lateral Connections of V1 Neurons David J. Field and Anthony Hayes 1069 71. Shape Dimensions and Object Primitives Charles E. Connor 1080 72. Shape and Shading Jan J. Koenderink and Andrea J. van Doorn 1090 73. Visual Perception of Texture Michael S. Landy and Norma Graham 1106 74. Visual Segmentation and Illusory Contours Robert Shapley, Nava Rubin and Dario Ringach 1119 75. Global Yet Early Processing of Visual Surfaces Yukiyasu Kamitani and Shinsuke Shimojo 1129 76. Image Parsing Mechanisms of the Visual Cortex Rüdiger von der Heydt 1139 77. Inferotemporal Response Properties Keiji Tanaka 1151 78. Invariant Object and Face Recognition Edmund T. Rolls 1165 79. The Ventral Visual Object Pathway in Humans: Evidence from fMRI Nancy Kanwisher 1179  ix x  X MOTION, DEPTH, AND SPATIAL RELATIONS 1191 80. Motion Cues in Insect Vision and Navigation Mandyam Srinivasan and Shaowu Zhang 1193 81. The Middle Temporal Area: Motion Processing and the Link to Perception Kenneth H. Britten 1203 82. Merging Processing Streams: Color Cues for Motion Detection and Interpretation Karen R. Dobkins and Thomas D. Albright 1217 83. Functional Mapping of Motion Regions Guy A. Orban and Wim Vanduffel 1229 84. Optic Flow William H. Warren 1247 85. The Cortical Analysis of Optic Flow Charles J. Duffy 1260 86. The Perceptual Organization of Depth Roland Fleming and Barton L. Anderson 1284 87. Stereopsis Clifton M. Schor 1300 88. Binocular Rivalry Randolph Blake 1313 89. Sensorimotor Transformation in the Posterior Parietal Cortex Hansjörg Scherberger and Richard A. Andersen 1324 XI EYE MOVEMENTS 1337 90. Gaze Control under Natural Conditions Robert M. Steinman 1339 91. Eye Movements in Daily Life Michael F. Land 1357 92. Selection of Targets for Saccadic Eye Movements Jeffrey D. Schall 1369 93. Visual Perception during Saccades David C. Burr and M. Concetta Morrone 1391 94. Smooth Pursuit Eye Movements: Recent Advances Stephen J. Heinen and Edward L. Keller 1402 95. Neural Control of Vergence Eye Movements Lawrence E. Mays 1415 96. The Primate Frontal Eye Field Charles J. Bruce, Harriet R. Friedman, Michael S. Kraus and Gregory B. Stanton 1428 97. Changing Views of the Role of Superior Colliculus in the Control of Gaze Neeraj J. Gandhi and David L. Sparks 1449 98. The Dialogue between Cerebral Cortex and Superior Colliculus: Implications for Saccadic Target Selection and Corollary Discharge Marc A. Sommer and Robert H. Wurtz 1466 99. Cerebellar Control of Eye Movements David S. Zee and Mark F. Walker 1485 XII ATTENTION AND COGNITION 1499 100. Visual Perception and Cognition in Honeybees Shaowu Zhang and Mandyam Srinivasan 1501 101. A Neural Basis for Human Visual Attention Sabine Kastner 1514 102. Neural and Behavioral Measures of Change Detection Daniel J. Simons and Michael Silverman 1524 103. The Role of Attention in Visual Cerebral Cortex John H. R. Maunsell 1538 104. Volition and the Prefrontal Cortex Earl K. Miller and Jonathan D. Wallis 1546 XIII THEORETICAL AND COMPUTATIONAL PERSPECTIVES 1561 105. The Evolution of the Visual System in Primates Jon H. Kaas 1563 106. Gestalt Factors in the Visual Neurosciences Lothar Spillmann and Walter H. Ehrenstein 1573 107. Neural Mechanisms of Natural Scene Perception Jack L. Gallant 1590 108. Principles of Image Representation in Visual Cortex Bruno A. Olshausen 1603 109. Local Analysis of Visual Motion Eero P. Simonocelli 1616 110. Visual Boundaries and Surfaces Stephen Grossberg 1624 111. How the Visual Cortex Recognizes Objects: The Tale of the Standard Model Maximilian Riesenhuber and Tomaso Poggio 1640  xi xii  112. Plasticity of Orientation Processing in Adult Visual Cortex Valentin Dragoi and Mriganka Sur 1654 113. Synchrony, Oscillations, and Relational Codes Wolf Singer 1665 114. The Neuronal Basis of Visual Consciousness Christof Koch and Francis Crick 1682 List of Contributors C1 Index I1