The MIT encyclopedia of communication disorders

Contents Introduction ix Acknowledgments xi Part I: Voice 1 Acoustic Assessment of Voice 3 Aerodynamic Assessment of Vocal Function 7 Alaryngeal Voice and Speech Rehabilitation 10 Anatomy of the Human Larynx 13 Assessment of Functional Impact of Voice Disorders 20 Electroglottographic Assessment of Voice 23 Functional Voice Disorders 27 Hypokinetic Laryngeal Movement Disorders 30 Infectious Diseases and Inflammatory Conditions of the Larynx 32 Instrumental Assessment of Children’s Voice 35 Laryngeal Movement Disorders: Treatment with Botulinum Toxin 38 Laryngeal Reinnervation Procedures 41 Laryngeal Trauma and Peripheral Structural Ablations 45 Psychogenic Voice Disorders: Direct Therapy 49 The Singing Voice 51 Vocal Hygiene 54 Vocal Production System: Evolution 56 Vocalization, Neural Mechanisms of 59 Voice Acoustics 63 Voice Disorders in Children 67 Voice Disorders of Aging 72 Voice Production: Physics and Physiology 75 Voice Quality, Perceptual Evaluation of 78 Voice Rehabilitation After Conservation Laryngectomy 80 Voice Therapy: Breathing Exercises 82 Voice Therapy: Holistic Techniques 85 Voice Therapy for Adults 88 Voice Therapy for Neurological Aging-Related Voice Disorders 91 Voice Therapy for Professional Voice Users 95 Part II: Speech 99 Apraxia of Speech: Nature and Phenomenology 101 Apraxia of Speech: Treatment 104 Aprosodia 107 Augmentative and Alternative Communication Approaches in Adults 110 Augmentative and Alternative Communication Approaches in Children 112 Autism 115 Bilingualism, Speech Issues in 119 Developmental Apraxia of Speech 121 Dialect, Regional 124 Dysarthrias: Characteristics and Classification 126 Dysarthrias: Management 129 Dysphagia, Oral and Pharyngeal 132 Early Recurrent Otitis Media and Speech Development 135 Laryngectomy 137 Mental Retardation and Speech in Children 140 Motor Speech Involvement in Children 142 Mutism, Neurogenic 145 Orofacial Myofunctional Disorders in Children 147 Phonetic Transcription of Children’s Speech 150 Phonological Awareness Intervention for Children with Expressive Phonological Impairments 153 Phonological Errors, Residual 156 Phonology: Clinical Issues in Serving Speakers of African-American Vernacular English 158 Psychosocial Problems Associated with Communicative Disorders 161 Speech and Language Disorders in Children: Computer- Based Approaches 164 Speech and Language Issues in Children from Asian- Pacific Backgrounds 167 Speech Assessment, Instrumental 169 Speech Assessment in Children: Descriptive Linguistic Methods 174 Speech Development in Infants and Young Children with a Tracheostomy 176 Speech Disfluency and Stuttering in Children 180 Speech Disorders: Genetic Transmission 183 Speech Disorders in Adults, Psychogenic 186 Speech Disorders in Children: A Psycholinguistic Perspective 189 Speech Disorders in Children: Behavioral Approaches to Remediation 192 Speech Disorders in Children: Birth-Related Risk Factors 194 Speech Disorders in Children: Cross-Linguistic Data 196 Speech Disorders in Children: Descriptive Linguistic Approaches 198 Speech Disorders in Children: Motor Speech Disorders of Known Origin 200 Speech Disorders in Children: Speech-Language Approaches 204 Speech Disorders Secondary to Hearing Impairment Acquired in Adulthood 207 Speech Issues in Children from Latino Backgrounds 210 Speech Sampling, Articulation Tests, and Intelligibility in Children with Phonological Errors 213 Speech Sampling, Articulation Tests, and Intelligibility in Children with Residual Errors 215 Speech Sound Disorders in Children: Description and Classification 218 Stuttering 220 Transsexualism and Sex Reassignment: Speech Di¤erences 223 Ventilator-Supported Speech Production 226 Part III: Language 229 Agrammatism 231 Agraphia 233 Alexia 236 Alzheimer’s Disease 240 Aphasia, Global 243 Aphasia, Primary Progressive 245 Aphasia: The Classical Syndromes 249 Aphasia, Wernicke’s 252 Aphasia Treatment: Computer-Aided Rehabilitation 254 Aphasia Treatment: Pharmacological Approaches 257 Aphasia Treatment: Psychosocial Issues 260 Aphasic Syndromes: Connectionist Models 262 Aphasiology, Comparative 265 Argument Structure: Representation and Processing 269 Attention and Language 272 Auditory-Motor Interaction in Speech and Language 275 Augmentative and Alternative Communication: General Issues 277 Bilingualism and Language Impairment 279 Communication Disorders in Adults: Functional Approaches to Aphasia 283 Communication Disorders in Infants and Toddlers 285 Communication Skills of People with Down Syndrome 288 Dementia 291 Dialect Speakers 294 Dialect Versus Disorder 297 Discourse 300 Discourse Impairments 302 Functional Brain Imaging 305 Inclusion Models for Children with Developmental Disabilities 307 Language Development in Children with Focal Lesions 311 Language Disorders in Adults: Subcortical Involvement 314 Language Disorders in African-American Children 318 Language Disorders in Latino Children 321 Language Disorders in School-Age Children: Aspects of Assessment 324 Language Disorders in School-Age Children: Overview 326 Language Impairment and Reading Disability 329 Language Impairment in Children: Cross-Linguistic Studies 331 Language in Children Who Stutter 333 Language of the Deaf: Acquisition of English 336 Language of the Deaf: Sign Language 339 Lingustic Aspects of Child Language Impairment— Prosody 344 Melodic Intonation Therapy 347 Memory and Processing Capacity 349 Mental Retardation 352 Morphosyntax and Syntax 354 Otitis Media: E¤ects on Children’s Language 358 Perseveration 361 Phonological Analysis of Language Disorders in Aphasia 363 Phonology and Adult Aphasia 366 Poverty: E¤ects on Language 369 Pragmatics 372 Prelinguistic Communication Intervention for Children with Developmental Disabilities 375 Preschool Language Intervention 378 Prosodic Deficits 381 Reversibility/Mapping Disorders 383 Right Hemisphere Language and Communication Functions in Adults 386 Right Hemisphere Language Disorders 388 Segmentation of Spoken Language by Normal Adult Listeners 392 Semantics 395 Social Development and Language Impairment 398 Specific Language Impairment in Children 402 Syntactic Tree Pruning 405 Trace Deletion Hypothesis 407 Part IV: Hearing 411 Amplitude Compression in Hearing Aids 413 Assessment of and Intervention with Children Who Are Deaf or Hard of Hearing 421 Audition in Children, Development of 424 Auditory Brainstem Implant 427 Auditory Brainstem Response in Adults 429 Auditory Neuropathy in Children 433 Auditory Scene Analysis 437 Auditory Training 439 Classroom Acoustics 442 Clinical Decision Analysis 444 Cochlear Implants 447 Cochlear Implants in Adults: Candidacy 450 Cochlear Implants in Children 454 Dichotic Listening 458 Electrocochleography 461 Electronystagmography 467 Frequency Compression 471 Functional Hearing Loss in Children 475 Genetics and Craniofacial Anomalies 477 Hearing Aid Fitting: Evaluation of Outcomes 480 Hearing Aids: Prescriptive Fitting 482 Hearing Aids: Sound Quality 487 Hearing Loss and the Masking-Level Di¤erence 489 Hearing Loss and Teratogenic Drugs or Chemicals 493 Hearing Loss Screening: The School-Age Child 495 Hearing Protection Devices 497 Masking 500 Middle Ear Assessment in the Child 504 vi Contents Noise-Induced Hearing Loss 508 Otoacoustic Emissions 511 Otoacoustic Emissions in Children 515 Ototoxic Medications 518 Pediatric Audiology: The Test Battery Approach 520 Physiological Bases of Hearing 522 Pitch Perception 525 Presbyacusis 527 Pseudohypacusis 531 Pure-Tone Threshold Assessment 534 Speech Perception Indices 538 Speech Tracking 541 Speechreading Training and Visual Tracking 543 Suprathreshold Speech Recognition 548 Temporal Integration 550 Temporal Resolution 553 Tinnitus 556 Tympanometry 558 Vestibular Rehabilitation 563 Contributors 569 Name Index 577 Subject Index 603 Contents vii