Pests of stored foodstuffs and their control

PREFACE ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS INTRODUCTION xi xiii xv 1. PRESENT TRENDS IN FOOD TECHNOLOGY Food Quantities Food Quality Food Poisoning Supermarkets Irradiated Foods Genetically Modified Foods Organic Food 1 1 2 4 6 8 8 9 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.7 2. STAGES IN FOOD PRODUCTION Harvest of Produce Initial Processing Transportation Storage Final Processing Use or Consumption 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6 11 11 13 15 16 17 17 3. TYPES OF FOODSTUFFS Plant Materials – fresh Plant Materials – dried Animal Materials – fresh Animal Materials – dried Structural Timbers and Packaging Materials 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 3.5 19 20 20 21 22 23 4. FOOD AND PRODUCE PRESERVATION 25 25 29 30 30 31 32 32 33 33 34 37 37 39 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 4.5 4.6 4.7 4.8 4.9 4.10 4.11 4.12 4.13 Drying Salting Bottling Canning Pickling Smoking Fermentation Addition of Preservatives Heat Treatment Cooling and Refrigeration Controlled (Modified) Atmosphere Irradiation Food Improvement 5. PACKAGING 5.1 5.2 5.3 5.4 5.5 5.6 5.7 5.8 5.9 5.10 Introduction Paper Bags and Cartons Plastic Bags Cardboard Boxes Sacks Sealed Jars Bottles Canning (sealed tins) Vacuum Packing and MAP Polystyrene Trays with Plastic Film (skin packages) 41 41 42 42 45 46 47 49 49 50 53 6. TYPES OF PESTS 6.1 6.2 6.3 6.4 Systematic Approach True Stored Produce Pests Feeding Habits and Damage Caused Origins of Stored Produce Pests 55 55 59 61 63 7. TYPES OF DAMAGE 7.1 7.2 7.3 7.4 7.5 7.6 7.7 7.8 7.9 7.10 7.11 7.12 Food Spoilage Pre-harvest Factors Direct Damage Selective Eating Contamination Loss of Quality Cross Infestation Handling and Physical Damage Temperature Injury Physiological Deterioration Maturation, Ripening and Senescence Pathological Decay 71 71 71 72 72 73 74 75 76 76 77 77 78 8. STORAGE STRUCTURES 8.1 8.2 8.3 8.4 8.5 8.6 Tropical On-farm and Rural Domestic Stores European On-farm Stores Urban Domestic Food Stores Regional Stores Refrigerated Stores National Famine Stores 79 79 86 87 88 93 94 9. FOOD AND PRODUCE TRANSPORTATION 9.1 9.2 9.3 9.4 9.5 9.6 9.7 Background Transport and Storage Ships Freight Containers Road Vehicles (trucks) Rail Freight Cars Aircraft 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. PESTS: CLASS MAMMALIA PESTS: CLASS AVES PESTS: PHYLUM MOLLUSCA (Class Gastropoda) PESTS: CLASS ARACHNIDA PESTS: CLASS INSECTA PESTS: PHYLUM PLATYHELMINTHES (Tapeworms and Flukes) 103 117 121 125 135 317 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. PESTS: PHYLUM NEMATODA PESTS: KINGDOM PROTOCTISTA (Phylum Protozoa) PESTS: KINGDOM FUNGI PESTS: KINGDOM PROKARYOTAE (Bacteria) FOOD POISONING 327 333 335 341 345 CONTROL OF PESTS OF STORED FOODSTUFFS 21.1 21.2 21.3 21.4 21.5 21.6 21.7 21.8 21.9 Background and HACCP Loss Assessment and Pest Sampling Methods Integrated Pest Management (IPM) Legislative Control Store Hygiene (sanitation) Physical Methods of Control Biological Control Pesticides (chemical control) Use of Indigenous Plant Material (natural pest control) 349 349 353 362 365 366 367 372 373 390 22. PEST SPECTRA FOR STORED FOODSTUFFS 22.1 22.2 22.3 Plant Materials Animal Materials Building and Packaging Materials 393 393 408 412 APPENDIX 1 APPENDIX 2 Pesticides Used for Stored Products Protection Group for Assistance on Systems Relating to Grain After-harvest (GASGA) 415 439 APPENDIX 3 APPENDIX 4 Some Standard Abbreviations Acronyms for Some Organisations REFERENCES INDEX 441 443 445 453