DRI, dietary reference intakes for vitamin A, vitamin K, arsenic, boron, chromium, copper, iodine, iron, manganese, molybdenum, nickel, silicon, vanadium, and zinc : a report of the Panel on Micronutrients ... [et al.], Food and Nutrition Board, Institute

SUMMARY 1 What Are Dietary Reference Intakes?, 2 Approach for Setting Dietary Reference Intakes, 7 Nutrient Functions and the Indicators Used to Estimate Requirements, 10 Criteria and Proposed Values for Tolerable Upper Intake Levels, 16 Using Dietary Reference Intakes to Assess Nutrient Intakes of Groups, 19 Consideration of the Risk of Chronic Degenerative Disease, 22 Research Recommendations, 26 1 INTRODUCTION TO DIETARY REFERENCE INTAKES 29 What Are Dietary Reference Intakes?, 29 Categories of Dietary Reference Intakes, 30 Parameters for Dietary Reference Intakes, 36 Summary, 42 References, 42 2 OVERVIEW AND METHODS 44 Methodological Considerations, 45 Estimates of Nutrient Intake, 54 Dietary Intakes in the United States and Canada, 55 Summary, 58 References, 58 Contents Copyright © National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved. Dietary Reference Intakes for Vitamin A, Vitamin K, Arsenic, Boron, Chromium, Copper, Iodine, Iron, Manganese, Molybdenum, Nickel, Silicon, Vanadium, and Zinc http://www.nap.edu/catalog/10026.html xviii CONTENTS 3 A MODEL FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF TOLERABLE UPPER INTAKE LEVELS 60 Background, 60 A Model for the Derivation of Tolerable Upper Intake Levels, 62 Risk Assessment and Food Safety, 62 Application of the Risk Assessment Model to Nutrients, 67 Steps in the Development of the Tolerable Upper Intake Level, 71 Intake Assessment, 79 Risk Characterization, 79 References, 80 4 VITAMIN A 82 Summary, 82 Background Information, 83 Selection of Indicators for Estimating the Requirement for Vitamin A, 97 Factors Affecting the Vitamin A Requirement, 106 Findings by Life Stage and Gender Group, 110 Intake of Vitamin A, 122 Tolerable Upper Intake Levels, 125 Research Recommendations for Vitamin A, 146 References, 146 5 VITAMIN K 162 Summary, 162 Background Information, 162 Selection of Indicators for Estimating the Requirement for Vitamin K, 165 Factors Affecting the Vitamin K Requirement, 173 Findings by Life Stage and Gender Group, 176 Intake of Vitamin K, 184 Tolerable Upper Intake Levels, 187 Research Recommendations for Vitamin K, 189 References, 189 6 CHROMIUM 197 Summary, 197 Background Information, 197 Selection of Indicators for Estimating the Requirement for Chromium, 202 Copyright © National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved. Dietary Reference Intakes for Vitamin A, Vitamin K, Arsenic, Boron, Chromium, Copper, Iodine, Iron, Manganese, Molybdenum, Nickel, Silicon, Vanadium, and Zinc http://www.nap.edu/catalog/10026.html CONTENTS xix Factors Affecting the Chromium Requirement, 204 Findings by Life Stage and Gender Group, 205 Intake of Chromium, 211 Tolerable Upper Intake Levels, 213 Research Recommendations for Chromium, 216 References, 217 7 COPPER 224 Summary, 224 Background Information, 224 Selection of Indicators for Estimating the Requirement for Copper, 229 Factors Affecting the Copper Requirement, 233 Findings by Life Stage and Gender Group, 235 Intake of Copper, 245 Tolerable Upper Intake Levels, 246 Research Recommendations for Copper, 252 References, 252 8 IODINE 258 Summary, 258 Background Information, 258 Selection of Indicators for Estimating the Requirement for Iodine, 262 Factors Affecting the Iodine Requirement, 267 Findings by Life Stage and Gender Group, 268 Intake of Iodine, 277 Tolerable Upper Intake Levels, 278 Research Recommendations for Iodine, 284 References, 284 9 IRON 290 Summary, 290 Background Information, 290 Selection of Indicators for Estimating the Requirement for Iron, 300 Factors Affecting the Iron Requirement, 311 Findings by Life Stage and Gender Group, 316 Intake of Iron, 355 Tolerable Upper Intake Levels, 356 Research Recommendations for Iron, 378 References, 378 Copyright © National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved. Dietary Reference Intakes for Vitamin A, Vitamin K, Arsenic, Boron, Chromium, Copper, Iodine, Iron, Manganese, Molybdenum, Nickel, Silicon, Vanadium, and Zinc http://www.nap.edu/catalog/10026.html xx CONTENTS 10 MANGANESE 394 Summary, 394 Background Information, 394 Selection of Indicators for Estimating the Requirement for Manganese, 397 Factors Affecting the Manganese Requirement, 401 Findings by Life Stage and Gender Group, 402 Intake of Manganese, 407 Tolerable Upper Intake Levels, 408 Research Recommendations for Manganese, 414 References, 415 11 MOLYBDENUM 420 Summary, 420 Background Information, 420 Selection of Indicators for Estimating the Requirement for Molybdenum, 422 Factors Affecting the Molybdenum Requirement, 424 Findings by Life Stage and Gender Group, 425 Intake of Molybdenum, 432 Tolerable Upper Intake Levels, 433 Research Recommendations for Molybdenum, 439 References, 439 12 ZINC 442 Summary, 442 Background Information, 442 Selection of Indicators for Estimating the Requirement for Zinc, 447 Factors Affecting the Zinc Requirement, 454 Findings by Life Stage and Gender Group, 458 Intake of Zinc, 480 Tolerable Upper Intake Levels, 481 Research Recommendations for Zinc, 488 References, 489 13 ARSENIC, BORON, NICKEL, SILICON, AND VANADIUM 502 Summary, 502 Arsenic, 503 Boron, 510 Nickel, 521 Silicon, 529 Copyright © National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved. Dietary Reference Intakes for Vitamin A, Vitamin K, Arsenic, Boron, Chromium, Copper, Iodine, Iron, Manganese, Molybdenum, Nickel, Silicon, Vanadium, and Zinc http://www.nap.edu/catalog/10026.html CONTENTS xxi Vanadium, 532 References, 543 14 USES OF DIETARY REFERENCE INTAKES 554 Overview, 554 Assessing Nutrient Intakes of Individuals, 555 Assessing Nutrient Intakes of Groups, 558 Planning Nutrient Intakes of Individuals, 562 Planning Nutrient Intakes of Groups, 563 Nutrient-Specific Considerations, 564 Summary, 576 References, 578 15 A RESEARCH AGENDA 580 Approach, 580 Major Knowledge Gaps, 581 The Research Agenda, 584 APPENDIXES A Origin and Framework of the Development of Dietary Reference Intakes, 587 B Acknowledgments, 591 C Dietary Intake Data from the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES III), 1988–1994, 594 D Dietary Intake Data from the Continuing Survey of Food Intakes By Individuals (CSFII), 1994–1996, 644 E Dietary Intake Data from the U.S. Food and Drug Administration Total Diet Study, 1991–1997, 654 F Canadian Dietary Intake Data, 1990, 674 G Biochemical Indicators for Iron, Vitamin A, and Iodine from the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES III), 1988–1994, 680 H Comparison of Vitamin A and Iron Intake and Biochemical Indicators from the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES III), 1988–1994, 692 I Iron Intakes and Estimated Percentiles of the Distribution of Iron Requirements from the Continuing Survey of Food Intakes by Individuals (CSFII), 1994–1996, 697 J Glossary and Acronyms, 704 K Conversion of Units, 709 L Options for Dealing with Uncertainties, 710 M Biographical Sketches of Panel and Subcommittee Members, 715 Copyright © National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved. Dietary Reference Intakes for Vitamin A, Vitamin K, Arsenic, Boron, Chromium, Copper, Iodine, Iron, Manganese, Molybdenum, Nickel, Silicon, Vanadium, and Zinc http://www.nap.edu/catalog/10026.html xxii CONTENTS INDEX 729 SUMMARY TABLE, Dietary Reference Intakes: Recommended Intakes for Individuals, Vitamins 770 SUMMARY TABLE, Dietary Reference Intakes: Recommended Intakes for Individuals, Elements 772