Air quality management in the United States

Executive Summary 3 Summary 8 1 INTRODUCTION 23 Air Pollution Science, 24 Air Pollution Impacts, 28 Air Quality Management in the United States, 29 The Role of Science, 35 Estimating the Costs and Benefits of the Federally Mandated Air Quality Management System, 37 The Future, 39 Charge to the Committee on Air Quality Management in the United States, 41 Report Structure, 43 2 SETTING GOALS AND STANDARDS 45 Introduction, 45 Overview of Air Quality Standards, 46 The Standard-Setting Process, 47 Goals for Mitigating Visibility Degradation, 59 Standards for Mitigating Effects of Acid Rain, 59 The Scientific Basis for Setting Standards, 67 Summary, 86 Contents Copyright © National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved. Air Quality Management in the United States http://www.nap.edu/catalog/10728.html xviii CONTENTS 3 DESIGNING AND IMPLEMENTING CONTROL STRATEGIES THROUGH THE SIP PROCESS 88 Overview of SIP Process, 88 The Main Components of an Attainment-Demonstration SIP, 96 The Effectiveness of the SIP Process, 126 Summary, 131 4 IMPLEMENTING EMISSION CONTROLS ON MOBILE SOURCES 133 Introduction, 133 Controlling Emissions through Certification Standards on New Vehicles and Motors, 136 Controlling In-Use Motor-Vehicle Emissions, 148 Behavioral and Societal Strategies to Reduce Mobile-Source Emissions, 162 Critical Discussion of Mobile-Source Emission-Control Programs, 167 Summary, 172 5 IMPLEMENTING EMISSION CONTROLS ON STATIONARY SOURCES 174 Introduction, 174 Permits and Standards for New or Modified Major Stationary Sources, 177 Other Technology-Based Standards Imposed on Major Facilities, 186 Evaluation of Traditional Control Programs for Major Stationary Sources, 188 Compliance Assurance for Traditional Control Programs, 190 Cap-and-Trade Provisions for Major Stationary Sources, 196 Other Trading and Voluntary Stationary-Source Programs, 210 Area-Source Regulations, 212 Summary of Key Experiences and Challenges for Stationary-Source Control, 214 6 MEASURING THE PROGRESS AND ASSESSING THE BENEFITS OF AQM 216 Introduction, 216 Monitoring Pollutant Emissions, 216 Monitoring Air Quality, 220 Assessing Health Benefits from Improved Air Quality, 241 Assessing Ecosystem Benefits from Improved Air Quality, 252 Assessing the Economic Benefits of Air Quality Improvements, 261 Summary, 265 7 TRANSFORMING THE NATION’S AQM SYSTEM TO MEET THE CHALLENGES OF THE COMING DECADES 268 Introduction, 268 The Challenges Ahead, 270 Copyright © National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved. Air Quality Management in the United States http://www.nap.edu/catalog/10728.html CONTENTS xix Principles for Enhancing the AQM System, 278 Recommendations for an Enhanced AQM System, 283 Conclusion, 313 References 317 Abbreviations 349 Appendix A COMMITTEE BIOSKETCHES 355 Appendix B STATEMENT OF TASK 363 Appendix C 188 HAZARDOUS AIR POLLUTANTS 365 Appendix D RECOMMENDATIONS FOR CONTINUOUS DEVELOPMENT AND IMPLEMENTATION OF MEASUREMENTS TO DETERMINE STATUS AND TRENDS IN ECOSYSTEM EXPOSURE AND CONDITION 369 Copyright