Nanotechnology 101

Series Foreword xv Preface xvii Acknowledgments xxi 1. What Is Nanotechnology? 1 Introduction 1 What Is Nanotechnology? 1 Living with Nanoparticles 3 Nano, Nano, Nano 3 Nanotechnology, a Future Trillion Dollar Business 3 Nanotechnology Will Develop in Stages 4 Nanotechnology Products and Applications 4 Sporting Goods 4 Car Paint and Car Waxes 6 Antibacterial Cleansers 6 Medical Bandages 6 Apparel Industry 6 Sunscreens and Cosmetics 7 Organic Light-Emitting Displays or OLEDs 7 Future Applications of Nanotechnology 7 Environment 7 Solar Energy 7 Fuel Cells 8 Food and Agriculture 8 Automobiles and Aeronautics 8 Medical Applications 9 Lab-on-a-Chip 9 vi Contents The U.S. Government Invests in Nanotechnology Research 10 Other Countries Are Also Investing in Nanotechnology Research 10 What Do Americans Think of Nanotechnology? 10 Will Nanotechnology Be Used to Help People in Developing Countries? 11 The Nanotechnology Job Market 13 The Need for Workers 13 Universities Offer Nanotechnology Youth Programs 13 The Fields of Study That Influence Nanotechnology 16 Feature: Mechanical Engineering 17 Major Nanotechnology Career Areas 17 What Are the Risks of Nanotechnology? 19 NANOSAFE2 20 National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) 20 Nanotechnology Environmental and Health Implications (NEHI) 20 National Nanotechnology Initiative (NNI) 20 Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) 21 Center for Biological and Environmental Nanotechnology (CBEN) 21 The Center for Responsible Nanotechnology 21 Nano Interview: Professor Martin L. Culpepper, Ph.D., Massachusetts Institute of Technology 21 Nano Activity: Cutting It Down to Nano 26 2. The Science of Nanotechnology 29 What Is Matter? 29 Forms of Matter 29 Properties of Matter 30 Properties of Matter Change at the Nanoscale 31 Volume to Surface Area 33 Matter’s Smallest Particles: Matter Is Made Up of Elements 33 The Periodic Table of Elements 33 Semiconductors 35 Smallest Part of An Element: The Atom 35 Inside the Atom: Subatomic Particles 36 Neutrons and Protons 36 Electrons 36 Isotopes 37 Contents vii Models of the Atoms 37 Early Atomic Theory by Empedocles and Democritus 38 Atomic Number and Atomic Mass 39 Atoms and Molecules 39 Molecules and Chemical Bonding 40 Ionic Bonding 40 Covalent Bonds and Monomers 40 A Monomer 41 From Monomers to Polymers 41 Polymers and Nanotechnology 42 Polymer-Based Nanosponges 42 Polymer Solar Cells 43 A Unique Class of Synthetic Polymers, Dendrimers 43 Dendrimers and Drug Delivery 43 Molecular Self-Assembly and Nanofabrication 44 Soap Bubbles Self-Assemble 45 Using the Self-Assembly Strategy to Make Products 45 Other Applications of Molecular Self-Assembly 46 Self-Assembly in Medicine 46 NanoSonic, Inc. 47 Nano Interview: Dr. Richard Claus, President of Nanosonic 48 Nano Activity: Nanotechnology Demonstration Kit from Nanosonic 50 3. The Nanotechnology Tool Box 55 Optical Microscopes 55 Scanning Probe Microscopes 56 Surface Area to Volume at the Nanoscale 56 Scanning Tunneling Microscopes (STM) 57 How Does the STM Work? 57 Atomic Force Microscopes (AFM) 57 How Does the AFM Work? 58 The Advantages of AFM 60 AFM Tips 61 Magnetic Force Microscopes 61 Interview: Nathan Unterman 61 Electron Microscopes 63 A Scanning Electron Microscope 63 Ernst Abbe 63 The Transmission Electron Microscope 64 How Does the TEM Work? 64 Scanning Electron Microscope 65 viii Contents Hitachi Tabletop Microscope 66 Nanofabrication Cleanroom Facilities 66 Scanning Electron Microscopes and Photolithography 67 Nano-Imprint Lithography 68 Dip Pen Nanolithography 68 Thermal Dip Pen Nanolithography 69 NASA Virtual Lab 69 Nanomanipulators 70 Nanofabrication 70 Nano Interview: Associate Professor Dean Campbell, Ph.D., Bradley University 71 Nano Activity: Modeling a Scanning Probe Microscope 74 4. Carbon Nanotubes, Nanowires, and Nanocrystals 79 The Element Carbon 79 Products Made from Carbon 80 Some Uses of Carbon 80 Different Forms of Carbon 81 Diamond 82 Fullerenes and Nanotechnology 82 Buckyballs 83 Applications of Buckyballs 83 Carbon Nanotubes 83 Two Types of Nanotubes 85 How are Carbon Nanotubes Made? 86 Laser Ablation 86 Electric Arc Discharge 86 Chemical Vapor Deposition (CVD) 86 Applications of Carbon Nanotubes 86 Flat Panel Display Screens 88 Nanoscale Electronics and Carbon Nanotubes 88 AFM Probe Tips 90 Hydrogen Fuel Cells and Nanotubes 90 Actuators/Artificial Muscles 90 Nanotechnology in Chemical Sensors 91 Carbon Nanotubes and NASA 92 NASA Space Elevator 92 Not All Nanotubes are Carbon 92 Nanowires, Nanocrystals, and Quantum Dots 93 Nanowires 93 Production of Nanowires 93 Contents ix Nanocrystals 93 Quantum Dots 94 Quantum Dots and Cancer 95 Quantum Dots for Solar Cells 95 Nanoshells 96 Nano Interview: Professor Timothy Sands, Ph.D., Purdue University 96 Nano Activity: Building Buckyballs, a NASA Explores Activity 100 5. Nanotechnology in Medicine and Health 103 Cardiovascular Diseases 103 What Causes Cardiovascular Diseases? 104 Nanoparticles Break Down Blood Clots 105 Heart Stents and Nanotechnology 105 Cancer Detection and Diagnosis 106 Cancer 106 Cancer and Nanoshells 107 Cancer and Gold Nanoparticles 107 Breast Cancer and Nanoparticles 108 Nano Interview Dr. Edith Perez 109 Cancer and Dendrimers 111 Cancer and Cantilevers 112 Cancer and Quantum Dots 112 Cervical Cancer and Quantum Dots 112 The Targeted Nano-TherapeuticsTM (TNTTM) System 113 Diabetes and Nanotechnology 113 Nanorobots and Diabetes 114 Biosensors for Diabetes 114 Diabetes Research Continues 114 Tattoos for Diabetes 115 Implants and Prosthetics 115 Nanotechnology and Burn Victims 116 Diagnosis and Therapy 116 Molecular Imaging Diagnosis 117 Lab-on-a-Chip Diagnosis 117 Drug Delivery Using Nanoparticles 117 Advanced Drug Delivery Systems and Lab-on-a-Chip 118 Nanotechnology Fights Infections 119 Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology Research 119 Nano Interview: Matt Boyas and Sarah Perrone 120 6. The Business of Nanotechnology 125 Nanotechnologies in Businesses 125 x Contents Sporting Goods Equipment 125 Baseball Bats 126 Tennis Rackets 126 Nano Golf Balls 126 Skis and Nanofibers 126 Chewing Gum and Nanocrystals 127 Apparel Industry 128 Nanotechnology in Cleaner Clothes 128 Nanotechnology Socks 128 Cosmetics 129 Sunscreens and Skin Cancer 129 Appliances 130 Nano Silver Seal Refrigerator 130 Flat-Plane Display Screens 131 The Business of Air Purifiers 131 Electronics and Computers 131 Automobile/Vehicle Industry 132 Auto Catalytic Converters 132 Automobile Paint and Waxes 133 Aircraft Potential and Metal Rubber 134 Paint and Other Water Resistance Coatings 134 Paints and Anti-Graffiti Coating 134 Removing Windshield Fog 135 Self-Cleaning Glass 135 Antibacterial Cleansers 135 Medical Bandages 135 Solar Energy: Photovoltaic Cells 136 Battery Technology 137 Virus-Assembled Batteries 137 Long-Lasting Batteries 137 The Business of Building Atomic Force Microscopes 138 Nano Interview: Dr. Alyssa Wise and Dr. Patricia Schank (NanoSense Team) and Dr. Brent Macqueen (Nanoscientist) 139 Nano Activity: Sunscreens and Sunlight Animations, Adapted from SRI International’s Nanosense Unit 142 7. Nanotechnology for Food, Agriculture, Livestock, Aquaculture, and Forestry 147 United States Department of Agriculture 147 Food Packaging: A Major Goal Using Nanotechnology Methods 148 Contents xi Nano Plastic Packaging 148 New Kinds of Bottles 149 Foodborne Diseases 149 Listeria Monocytogenes in Food 149 Salmonella Ilnesses from Food 149 Nanosensors for Foodborne Contamination 151 Using Food Packaging Sensors in Defense and Security Applications 152 Other Kinds of Sensors: The Electronic Nose and The Electronic Tongue 152 The Electronic Nose (e-nose) Technology 152 The Electronic Tongue Technology 153 Nano Bar Codes Detect Foodborne Diseases 153 Agriculture and Nanotechnology 154 Biosensor Detects Herbicides on the Farm 154 Nanoscale Herbicides 155 A Food Safety Issue 155 Atomic Force Microscopy and Food Research 156 Sustainable Watering of Crops 156 Livestock Diseases 157 Biochips for Disease Detection in Livestock 157 Biochips for Animal Breeding 158 Nanosensors to Track Livestock 158 Nanotechnology in Aquaculture and Fish Farming 158 Environmental Concern of Aquaculture 159 Cleaning Fish Ponds with Nanotechnology Devices 159 DNA Nanovaccines Using Nanocapsules and Ultrasound Methods 159 Forest Product Industry and Nanotechnology 159 Ensuring Nanotechnologies in Food Production to Be Safe 160 Nano Interview: Professor Makarand (MAK) Paranjape, Ph.D., Georgetown University 160 Nano Activity: Food Packaging 166 8. Nanotechnology for a Sustainable Environment 169 Water Pollution and Nanotechnology 169 Nanotechnology and Safer Drinking Water 170 Cleaning Up Arsenic 170 The Element Arsenic 170 Nanotechnology and Water Filters 171 Drinking Water from the Ocean 172 xii Contents Reverse Osmosis 172 A New Kind of Reverse Osmosis 172 Water Pollution: Using the Atomic Force Microscope to Study Water Pollution 173 Groundwater Pollutants 173 Groundwater Cleanup 173 Iron Nanoparticles May Be Effective in Cleaning Up Waste Sites 174 Cleaning Up Organic Pollutants Using Nanotechnology 175 TCE Cleanup with Gold Nanoparticles 175 Cleaning Up Nuclear Waste Sites 176 Air Pollution 176 Titanium Dioxide and Clean Air 177 What Is Titanium Dioxide? 177 Environmental Protection Agency and Department of Energy 178 Environmental Protection Agency 178 Department of Energy 179 Nanotechnology and Energy Sources 179 Solar Photovoltaic Cell (PV) 179 Quantum Dots for Solar Cells 180 Hydrogen Fuel Cells 181 Fuel Cells and the Automobile Industry 181 The Problem with Fuel Cells 182 Emerging Nanotechnologies and Risks 183 Nano Interview: Professor Paul G. Tratnyek, Ph.D., Oregon Health & Science University’s OGI School of Science & Engineering 183 Nano Activity: Discovering the Properties of Ferrofluids (Teacher Supervision Advised) 190 Materials You Need 190 Where to Buy Ferrofluids 190 9. Nanotechnology Projects and the United States Government 193 National Nanotechnology Institute 193 The National Nanotechnology Initiative (NNI) and Federal Agencies 195 National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) 195 Lab-on-a-Chip 195 Spacecraft 196 Contents xiii A Self-Repair Spacecraft 197 Spacecraft Recycling 197 Improvements in NASA Spacesuits 197 NASA Space Elevator 197 Carbon Nanotubes and the Space Elevator. 197 National Science Foundation 198 National Science Foundation Classroom Resources 199 National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) 199 The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) 200 Department of Defense (DOD) 200 Department of Homeland Security 201 Underwater Sensor Networks 202 The Mapleseed: A Nano Air Vehicle for Surveillance 202 Safety in Nanotechnology: The National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) 202 Nano Interview: Laura Blasi, Ph.D., and NASA’s Virtual Lab 203 Nano Activity: NASA Virtual Lab. Try It! 207 Animation of Atomic Force Microscopy Basics 208 10. Colleges and Schools and Nanotechnology 211 An Interview with Dr. Nancy Healy, Education Coordinator of the National Nanotechnology Infrastructure Network (NNIN) 212 National Science Teachers Association and ExploraVision 218 ExploraVision Project 219 ExploraVision Project: Appy-Bot, Norma L. Gentner 219 Other Toshiba/NSTA ExploraVision Winners 222 La Jolla, California 222 St. Louis, Missouri 222 Colleges Motivate Students in Nanotechnology 222 NanoDay at Northwestern 223 Northwestern University and Materials World Modules 223 Penn State Nanotech Camps 223 Rice University: The NanoKidsTM 224 University of California, Santa Barbara: Chip Camp 224 College of Nanoscale Science and Engineering (CNSE), University of Albany 225 Cornell University 225 The University of Wisconsin-Madison 226 Arizona State University 226 xiv Contents North Carolina State University and the University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill 226 SRI International: NanoSense 226 Nanotechnology in Museums and Traveling Exhibits 227 Making Things Smaller 227 It’s a Nano World and Too Small to See Exhibits 227 Lawrence Hall of Science 229 High School Programs in Nanotechnology 229 Nanotechnology Information and Sites for Teachers 230 Nano Interview: Ms. Renee DeWald, Toshiba/NSTA ExploraVision, Fighting Cancer with Nano-Shells 230 Nano Activity: Nanotechnology Consumer Products 232 Appendix A: Bibliography 235 Appendix B: Companies in Nanotechnology Research and Development 238 Appendix C: Nanotechnology Web Sites 246 Appendix D: Nanotechnology Videos and Audios 250 Appendix E: Some Important Events in Nanotechnology History 257 Appendix F: National Science Education Standards, Content Standards 259 Appendix G: Colleges and Museums 261 Glossary 265 Index 271