Reviews of environmental contamination and toxicology. Vol. 179

Acenaphthylene, PAH, 75 DPSIR, illustrated, 33 Acenapthene, PAH, 75 Alfalfa leafcutter bee, spinosad toxicity, Ecosystem changes, Gulf of Gdan´sk, 1 ff. 42 Electrochemical fluorination, reaction de- Anthracene, PAH, 75 scribed, 100 Environmental effects, perfluoroalkylated Baltic Sea, a brackish water sea, 2 substances (PFAS), 99 ff. Baltic Sea drainage area (map), 3 Environmental no effect concentration, Baltic Sea, heavy metal input sources, 17 PAHs, 83 Baltic Sea, oxygen content changes, 10 EPA pesticide honeybee toxicity groups, Baltic Sea, PCB sediment levels, 22 66 Baltic Sea, persistent organic pollutants, EUROCAT project, marine pollution con- 17 trol, 30 Baltic Sea, salinity changes, 10 Eutrophication, Baltic’s major ecological Baltic Sea, salt content variations, 2 problem, 2 Baltic Sea, sea level increases, 9 Eutrophication, Gulf of Gdan´sk, 1 ff. Baltic Sea (southern), ecosystem changes, 1 ff. Fish, pesticide residues, Gulf of Gdan´sk, Baltic Sea vs Gulf of Gdan´sk, compari- 27 sons, 6 Baltic Sea water residence time, 2 GABA-gated chloride currents, spinosad Benzo[a]pyrene, PAH, 75 mode of action, 40 Benzo[b]fluoranthene, PAH, 75 Groundwater contamination, PFAS, Benzo[k]fluoranthene, PAH, 75 PFOS, PFOA, 109 Benz[a]anthracene, PAH, 75 Gulf of Gdan´sk, annual pollutant load, 6 Bioaccumulation, PFOS (perfluorooctyl Gulf of Gdan´sk, annual precipitation, 8 sulfonate) in fish, 109 Gulf of Gdan´ Bioconcentration factors, PFOS/PFOA, sk, biomass annual fluctua115 tions, 28 Bioconcentration, PFOS (perfluorooctyl Gulf of Gdan´sk, cadmium concentrations, sulfonate) in fish, 111 17 Biotransformation, PFAS, 111 Gulf of Gdan´sk, coastal zone climate, 7 Brackish water, Baltic Sea, 2 Gulf of Gdan´sk, copper concentrations, Bumblebee adults, spinosad toxicity, 43 16 Bumblebee larvae, spinosad toxicity, 51 Gulf of Gdan´sk, dominant algae groups, 24 Chlorinated pesticides, fish, 27 Gulf of Gdan´sk, ecosystem changes, 1, 4 Chrysene, PAH, 75 Gulf of Gdan´sk, eutrophication, 1 ff. Gulf of Gdan´sk, heavy metal pollutants, DDT, herring, Baltic Sea, 28 14, 18, 19 Dibenz[a,h]anthracene, PAH, 75 Gulf of Gdan´sk, important ecosystem Dislodgeable residues, spinosad toxicity, changes, 7 44 Gulf of Gdan´sk, lead concentrations, 16 DPSIR, identified, 30 Gulf of Gdan´sk, map, 5 Gulf of Gdan´sk, most polluted area of Indeno[1,2,3-cd]pyrene, PAH, 75 Baltic, 2 Invertebrates, PAH toxicity, 78 Gulf of Gdan´sk, morphological subunits, 4 Kiwifruit flowers, spinosad honeybee tox- Gulf of Gdan´sk, nitrate/phosphate fluctua- icity, 47 tions, 12 Gulf of Gdan´sk, PAH annual fluctuations, LOEC50 values, PFAS, PFOS, aquatic or- 29 ganisms, 112 Gulf of Gdan´sk, PCB sediment levels, 22 Gulf of Gdan´sk, persistent organic pollutants, 17 Marine phytoplankton pigment shifts, 23, Gulf of Gdan´sk, pesticide pollutants, 19, 31 24, 26 Microorganisms, PAH toxicity, 76 Gulf of Gdan´sk, pesticides in fish, 27 Mode of action, spinosad insects, 39 Gulf of Gdan´sk, physical characteristics, 4 Napthalene, PAH, 75 Gulf of Gdan´sk, phytoplankton pigment Nicotinic receptors, spinosad mode of acchanges, 23, 31 tion, 40 Gulf of Gdan´sk, phytoplankton species, Nontarget toxicity, spinosad, 40 26 Gulf of Gdan´sk, seasonal nutrient fluctua- Organochlorine residues, fish, 27 tions, 12, 14 Gulf of Gdan´sk, seasonal oxygen PAH (see also Polycyclic Aromatic Hychanges, 11 drocarbons), 73 ff. Gulf of Gdan´sk, silicate fluctuations, 13, PAH ecotoxicity data for soil quality crite- 16 ria, 73 ff. Gulf of Gdan´sk, surface chlorophyll sea- PAH soil concentrations, Denmark, 89 sonal changes, 31 PAH toxicity, species sensitivity distribu- Gulf of Gdan´sk vs Baltic Sea, comparition method , 85 sons, 6 Gulf of Gdan´sk, water temperature, 8 PAHs (see also Polycyclic Aromatic HyGulf of Gdan´sk, zinc concentrations, 17 drocarbons), 73 ff. PAHs, levels Gulf of Gdan´sk, 29 Half-life, PFOA/PFOS in humans, 114 PAHs, list of those tested, 75 Heavy metal pollutants, Gulf of Gdan´sk, PAHs, (Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocar14, 18, 19 bons), ecotoxicity data, 73 ff. Helsinki Commission Baltic Monitoring PAHs, predicted environmental no effect Programme, 2 concentation, 83 Honeybee larvae, spinosad toxicity, 53, PAHs, soil quality criteria calculation, 81 59 PAHs, soil quality standards, 73 ff. Honeybee pesticide toxicity groups, EPA- PAHs, terrestrial ecotoxicity data, 74 defined, 66 PAHs, toxicity earthworms, 75 Honeybee, spinosad foraging toxicity, 45 PAHs, toxicity enchytraeids, 75 Honeybee, spinosad toxicity, 42 PAHs, toxicity invertebrates, 78 Human toxicity, PFOA, PFOS, 114 PAHs, toxicity microorganisms, 76 Hydrogen sulfide, Gulf of Gdan´sk levels, PAHs, toxicity mustard, red clover, rye4 grass, 74 PAHs, toxicity plants, 76 Impurities in electrochemical production PAHs, toxicity soil invertebrates, 74 of POSF, 101 PAHs, toxicity springtails, 75 PCBs, levels Gulf of Gdan´sk, 19, 20, 21 PFAS soil-repellency illustrated, 103 PCBs, sediment levels Baltic Sea, 22 PFAS, toxicity mechanism, 111 Perfluoroalkyl phosphate, chemical struc- PFAS, uses & applications, 102 ture, 103 PFOA (perfluorooctanoic acid), 100 Perfluoroalkylated substances (PFAS), en- PFOA, half-life in humans, 114 vironmental fate/occurrence, 102 PFOA, human toxicity, 114 Perfluoroalkylated substances (PFAS), en- PFOA, peroxisome proliferator, 111 vironmental/toxicity effects, 99 ff. PFOS (perfluorooctyl sulfonate), 100 Perfluoroalkylbetaine, fire-fighting foams, PFOS, bioaccumulation factor fish, 110 104 PFOS, bioconcentration factors, 115 Perfluoroalkylethylates (PFAS), products PFOS, ecological risk assessment, 112 of telomerization, 101 PFOS, half-life in humans, 114 Perfluoroalkylethylates, degradation prod- PFOS, human toxicity, 114 ucts, 99 PFOS, LOEC50 values aquatic organisms, Perfluoroalkylethylates, uses, 100 112 Perfluoroalkylsulfonates, degradation PFOS, marine biota contaminant, 105, products, 99 109 Perfluoroalkylsulfonates, uses, 100 PFOS, marine mammals, birds, fish con- Perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA), ground- taminant, 109 water occurrence, 109 PFOS, weakly carcinogenic, 116 Perfluorooctanoic acid, structure, 99, 100 Physicochemical properties, PFAS, 106 Perfluorooctyl sulfonate (PFOS), ground- Physiochemical properties, spinosad, 38 water occurrence, 109 Plants, PAH toxicity, 76 Perfluorooctyl sulfonate, structure, 99, Pollinators, spinosad toxicity, 37 ff. 100 Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons Peroxisome proliferator, PFOA, 111 (PAHs), ecotoxicity data, 73 ff. Perylene, PAH, 75 Pomeranian Bay, most polluted area of Pesticide toxicity groups, honeybee, EPA- Baltic, 4 defined, 66 Pesticides in fish, Gulf of Gdan´sk, 27 Saccharopolyspora spinosa, spinosad Pesticides, levels Gulf of Gdan´sk, 19, 24, source, 37 26 Soil half-life, spinosad, 39 PFAS (perfluoroalkylated substances), 99 Soil quality criteria (SQC), PAHs, 81 PFAS, acute toxicity aquatic organisms, Soil quality criteria, algorithm for deriv115 ing, 84 PFAS, biotransformation, 111 Soil-repellence via perfluoroalkylated subPFAS, degradation products, 105 stance (PFAS), illustrated, 103 PFAS, ecological risk assessment, 112 Spinosad, acute toxicity insects, 41 PFAS, ecotoxicity, 111 Spinosad, alfalfa leafcutter bee toxicity, PFAS emissions, Netherlands, 104 42 PFAS, environmental fate, 105 Spinosad, bumblebee toxicity, 43 PFAS, environmental occurrence, 108 Spinosad, chemical structures, 39 PFAS, groundwater occurrence, 108 Spinosad, commercial trade names, 38 PFAS, LOEC50 values aquatic organisms, Spinosad, dislodgeable residue toxicity, 112 44 PFAS, mutagenicity testing, 114 Spinosad, environmental fate, 39 PFAS, occupationally exposed worker lev- Spinosad, formulations, 38 els, 115 Spinosad, hazard evaluation, 40 PFAS, physicochemical properties, 106 Spinosad, honeybee toxicity, 42 Spinosad, honeybee toxicity alfalfa resi- Spinosad, physiochemical properties, 38 dues, 44, 57 Spinosad, reduced-risk insecticide, 38 Spinosad, honeybee toxicity almond resi- Spinosad, soil half-life, 39 dues, 57, 60 Spinosad, toxicity bumblebee larvae, 51 Spinosad, honeybee toxicity avocado resi- Spinosad, toxicity honeybee larvae, 53 dues, 62, 65 Spinosad, toxicity of weathered residues, Spinosad, honeybee toxicity citrus resi- 46 dues, 59, 61, 63 Spinosad, toxicity to pollinators, 37 ff. Spinosad, honeybee toxicity kiwifruit resi- Spinosad, vapor pressure, 39 dues, 62, 64 Spinosyns A & D, chemical structures, 39 Spinosad, honeybee toxicity strawberry Spinosyns, metabolites of Saccharoporesidues, 50 lyspora spinosa, 37 Spinosad, honeybee toxicity tansy pha- SQC (Soil quality criteria), PAHs, 81 celia, 54 Success, spinosad, 38 Spinosad, honeybee toxicity tomato residues, 47 Telomerization, perfluoroalkylethylate Spinosad, honeybee toxicity treated crops, production, 101 58 Toxicity mechanism, PFAS, 111 Spinosad, insect toxicity greenhouse con- Tracer, spinosad, 38 ditions, 48 Spinosad, mode of action insects, 39 Vistula River, nutrient load to Gulf of Spinosad, nontarget toxicity, 40 Gdan´sk, 4, 6