Reviews of environmental contamination and toxicology. Vol. 199

Acute safety factors, aquatic safety, 76 Additive toxicity, alternative methods, 88 Additive toxicity, maximum toxicity index, 89 Additive toxicity, modes of action, 90 Advisory concentrations, water quality criteria, 28 AF (application factor) method, setting safe levels, 71 Allergenicity, PGEs (platinum group elements), 122 Animal effects, PGEs, 119 ANZECC methods, physical-chemical data, 44 ANZECC methods, water quality criteria information, 35 ANZECC water quality, data quantity required, 40 Applications worldwide, PGEs, 113 Aquatic criteria standard-setting, ecotoxicity data quantity, 39 Aquatic life criteria, bioaccumulation, 93 Aquatic life criteria, pesticide derivation methods, 19 ff. Aquatic life exposure, over- and underestimates, 66 Aquatic life protection, toxic substances, 30 Aquatic life, acute and chronic safety factors, 76 Aquatic life, portion of species to protect, 32 Aquatic species testing, data quality, 35 Aquatic species testing, data quantity, 40 Arithmetic mean, water levels vs. criteria, 64 Assessing discharges, Dutch coast pharmaceuticals, 1 ff. Assessment factors, chemical aquatic risk, 77 Atmospheric deposition, pharmaceuticals, 4 Australia methods, water quality criteria information, 35 B Bezafibrate, Rhine river contaminant (illus.), 10 Bioaccumulation, use in criteria derivation, 90 Bioavailability, factors affecting, 68 Bioavailability, PGEs, 119 Bioavailability, water criteria, 67 Bioavailability, water-effect ratio, 70 Biological organization, level definitions (table), 31 Biological organization, levels to protect, 31 Biota residues, PGEs, 124 Body fluids, platinum residues, 123 Bootstrap technique, water quality criteria setting, 43 C California, Regional Water Quality Control Boards, 20 Canadian criteria setting, data quantity, 41 Canadian guidelines, water quality criteria, 35 Carbamazepine, Rhine river contaminant (illus.), 10 Carcinogenicity, cis-platin, 122 Characteristics, PGEs, 112 Chemical mixtures, deriving water criteria, 87 Chemical pharmaceuticals, discharge, 1 Chemical risk, assessment factors, 77 Chronic safety factors, aquatic species, 76 Cis-platin, carcinogenicity, 122 Colloids, partition coefficient effects, 69 Compartment-specific environmental risk levels (ERLs), Netherlands, 29 Concentrations worldwide, PGE residues (table), 125 Consumption of PGEs, worldwide (illus.), 114 Continental crust levels, PGEs (table), 112 Criteria calculation, water quality values, 62 137 138 Index Criteria derivation methods, element comparison (table), 27 Criteria derivation, bioaccumulation data, 90 Criteria derivation, food chain implications, 91 Criteria for water quality, underlying literature, 34 Criteria setting, data quality, 35 Criteria setting, ecotoxicology data quality, 37 Criteria to derive methods, water protection (table), 26 Criteria types and uses, deriving water quality standards, 28 D Danish methods, physical-chemical data, 45 Danish methods, quality criteria information, 34 Data adequacy, deriving guideline values, 38 Data distribution technique, species sensitivity (illus.), 78 Data inventory, Dutch water pollution, 3 Data quality, deriving OECD water criteria, 39 Data quality, deriving USEPA water criteria, 39 Data quality, underlying ecotoxicology data, 37 Data quality, water quality criteria, 35 Data quantity, deriving water quality values, 39 Data reduction approach, geometric mean, 59 Data reduction, water quality criteria, 59 Data sources, water quality criteria, 34 DCZ (Dutch coastal zone), pharmaceutical pollution, 2 DCZ discharges, key substances in 2002, 14 Derivation methods for water quality criteria, comparison (table), 27 Derivation methods, water protection criteria (table), 26 Derivation methods, water quality criteria components (table), 21 Derivation of water criteria, data quality, 37 Deriving aquatic water criteria, ecotoxicity data, 47 Deriving criteria methods, statistical considerations, 71 Deriving guideline values, data adequacy, 38 Deriving water criteria, mixtures, 87 Diclofenac, Rhine river contaminant (illus.), 10 Discharges of pharmaceuticals, Dutch coast, 1 ff. Discharges to the DCZ, key substances in 2002, 14 Dutch coast, pharmaceutical discharges, 1 ff. Dutch coastal zone (DCZ), pharmaceutical pollution, 2 Dutch methods, quality criteria information, 34 Dutch pharmaceutical loads, industrial water (illus.), 9 Dutch pharmaceutical loads, sewage water (illus.), 8 Dutch pharmaceuticals in water, surface water loads (illus.), 7 Dutch pharmaceuticals, sources-routes of pollution, 3 Dutch pharmaceuticals, water contamination, 6 E Ecosystem-level effects, from single-species data, 78 Ecosystems and water quality, what to protect, 33 Ecotoxicity and water quality, data quantity, 39 Ecotoxicity data quantity, aquatic criteria standard setting, 39 Ecotoxicity data, deriving aquatic water criteria, 47 Ecotoxicity testing, multiple- vs. singlespecies, 54 Ecotoxicity, acute-chronic data, 48 Ecotoxicity, hypothesis testing vs. regression analysis, 50 Ecotoxicity, population-level testing, 56, 57 Ecotoxicology data quality, setting criteria, 37 Ecotoxicology, water quality criteria link, 34 Emission of PGEs, sources, 119 Emission rates of PGEs, influencing factors, 116 Emissions of PGEs, hospital wastewater, 117 Emissions to environment, platinum group elements, 111 ff. Emissions, Dutch pharmaceuticals, 6 Endangered species, water quality criteria, 93 Environmental concentrations, PGEs, 123 Environmental deposition, pharmaceuticals, 4 Environmental emission of PGEs, sources, 119 Environmental emissions, PGE sources, 113 Environmental emissions, platinum group elements, 111 ff. Environmental impact, discharged pharmaceuticals, 13 Environmental levels worldwide, PGEs (table), 125 Environmental risks, ranking pharmaceuticals, 14 Environmental water policies, country differences, 25 Estimating protectiveness, water criteria, 67 EU guidance, physical-chemical methods, 45 Index 139 Exposure considerations, water quality criteria, 62 Exposure to PGEs, occupational, 119 Exposure to platinum group elements, environment, 111 ff. F Fate of pharmaceuticals, wastewater disposal, 4 Food chain implications, water criteria derivation, 91 Food exposures, water quality criteria, 66 France criteria setting, data quantity, 41 G Geometric mean, data reduction approach, 59 German criteria setting, data quantity, 42 H Harmonization across media, water quality criteria, 93 Hospital wastewater, PGE emissions, 117 Human health risks, PGEs, 121 Human pharmaceutical waste, water pollution routes, 3 Human residues, platinum, 123 Hydrophobic organic chemicals, exposure models, 66 Hypothesis testing, in ecotoxicity testing, 50 Impact on environment, pharmaceutical discharges, 13 I Industrial waste water, Dutch pharmaceutical loads (illus.), 9 Industrial water contamination, Dutch pharmaceuticals, 6 Inhalation toxicity, PGEs, 121 Iopromide, Rhine river contaminants (illus.), 10 Iridium, in earth’s crust (table), 112 L Loads in water, Dutch pharmaceuticals, 6 M Marine environment monitoring, priority substances, 12 Mass balance of pharmaceutical waste, Netherlands, 12 Maximum toxicity index, additive toxicity, 89 Metals of platinum group, characteristics, 112 Methods to derive criteria, pesticides and aquatic life, 19 ff. Methods to derive water criteria, comparison (table), 27 Methods to derive water criteria, description (table), 26 Methods to derive water quality criteria, components (table), 21 Mixtures of chemicals, deriving water criteria, 87 Modes of action, additive toxicity, 90 Multiple- vs. single-species testing, ecotoxicity, 54 N Netherlands methods, physical-chemical data, 44 Netherlands, compartment-specific ERLs, 29 Netherlands, pharmaceutical discharges to water, 2 Netherlands, pharmaceutical emissions, 6 Netherlands, pharmaceutical waste balance (table), 12 Netherlands, surface water pharmaceutical loads, 4 New Zealand methods, water quality criteria information, 35 Non-parametric approach, species sensitivity, 80 North Sea, pharmaceutical discharges, 1 ff. NO x s, PGE catalyst removal, 115 O Occupational exposure, PGEs, 119 OECD criteria derivation, data quality, 39 OECD guidelines, data quantity needed, 40 OECD guidelines, QSAR and physicalchemical data, 46 OECD methodology, water quality criteria, 30 Osmium, in earth’s crust (table), 112 P Palladium, in earth’s crust (table), 112 Parametric approach, species sensitivity, 80 Partition coefficients, colloid effects, 69 Pesticide aquatic life criteria, derivation methods, 19 ff. Pesticides, deriving aquatic life criteria, 19 ff. PGE catalyst removal, NO x s, 115 140 Index PGE concentrations, environmental samples (table), 125 PGE emission rates, parameter dependence, 116 PGEs (platinum group elements), environmental emissions, 111 ff. PGEs in vehicle exhaust, speciation (illus.), 118 PGEs, allergenicity, 122 PGEs, animal effects, 130 PGEs, bioavailability and exposure, 119 PGEs, biota residues, 124 PGEs, characteristics, 112 PGEs, continental crust levels (table), 112 PGEs, emission sources, 119 PGEs, environmental concentrations, 123 PGEs, environmental emissions, 111 ff. PGEs, environmental emissions, 113 PGEs, human health risks, 121 PGEs, inhalation toxicity, 121 PGEs, plant effects, 119 PGEs, production and applications, 113 PGEs, smoking and sensitivity, 122 PGEs, soil residues, 123 PGEs, vehicle exhaust catalysts, 113 Pharmaceutical and personal care products (PPCPs), discharges, 1 Pharmaceutical discharge, Dutch coast, 1 ff. Pharmaceutical discharges, environmental impact, 13 Pharmaceutical emissions, Netherlands, 6 Pharmaceutical loads, Dutch water, 6 Pharmaceutical loads, surface-waste water (illus.), 7, 8, 9 Pharmaceutical waste, balance in the Netherlands (table), 12 Pharmaceuticals in wastewater, human and veterinary, 2 Pharmaceuticals, environmental deposition, 4 Pharmaceuticals, ranking risk, 14 Pharmaceuticals, river-borne loads, 4 Pharmaceuticals, sewage-surface water content, 2 Pharmaceuticals, wastewater effluent contamination, 11 Physical-chemical data, Danish-Spanish methods, 45 Physical-chemical data, Netherlands and ANZECC methods, 44 Physical-chemical data, water quality criteria link, 34 Physical-chemical data, water quality criteria setting, 43 Plant effects, PGEs, 119 Platinum compounds, rat toxicity (table), 121 Platinum residues, in humans, 123 Population-level testing, ecotoxicity, 56, 57 PPCPs (pharmaceutical and personal care products), discharges, 1 Precautionary principle, definition, 25 Predicting ecosystem risk, from single-species testing, 78 Principles for use, safety factors, 77 Production locations, PGEs, 113 Protecting aquatic life, portion of species to protect, 32 Protecting aquatic life, toxic substances, 30 Q QSAR (quantitative structure activity relationship), deriving water quality values, 40 QSAR, physical-chemical data and criteria, 44 QSSRs (quantitative species sensitivity relationships), ecotoxicity sensitivity patterns, 58 R Regional Water Quality Control Boards, California, 20 Regression analysis, in ecotoxicity testing, 50 Rhine river contaminants, drugs (illus.), 10 Rhodium, in earth’s crust (table), 112 Risk, pharmaceutical properties, 15 Riverine loads of pharmaceuticals, Netherlands, 6 Ruthenium, in earth’s crust (table), 112 S Safety factor use, principles, 77 Safety factors in setting criteria, methods, 71 Secondary poisoning, bioaccumulation, 91 Sewage water contamination, Dutch pharmaceuticals, 6 Sewage water content, pharmaceuticals, 2 Sewage water, Dutch pharmaceutical loads (illus.), 8 Silicone implants, platinum residues, 123 Smoking and allergenicity, PGEs, 122 Soil residues, PGEs, 123 South African criteria setting, data quantity, 41 Spanish criteria setting, data quantity, 42 Spanish guidelines, physical-chemical data, 45 Speciation of PGEs, vehicle exhaust (illus.), 118 Species sensitivity distribution, parametric vs. non-parametric approaches, 80 Species sensitivity distribution, variations, 79 Index 141 Species sensitivity, distribution technique (illus.), 78 Statistical considerations, deriving criteria methods, 71 Statistical extrapolation method, setting safe water levels, 71 Surface water contamination, Dutch pharmaceuticals, 6 Surface water content, Dutch pharmaceuticals, 2 Surface water, Dutch pharmaceutical loads (illus.), 7 T Threatened species, water quality criteria, 93 Tier I and II, Great Lakes guidelines, 28 Toxicity of platinum compounds, lab rats (table), 121 Transport of waste drugs, river-borne loads, 4 Trigger values, New Zealand-Australia water criteria, 30 U UK methods, water quality criteria information, 35 USEPA criteria derivation, data quality, 39 USEPA water quality criteria, data quality, 36 USEPA water quality, data quantity required, 40 USEPA, water quality numeric criteria, 28 V Vehicle exhaust catalysts, PGEs, 113 Vehicle exhaust gases, PGE speciation (illus.), 118 Vehicular traffic, PGEs source, 124 Veterinary drugs, fate as waste, 4 W Waste water, Dutch pharmaceutical loads (illus.), 8, 9 Wastewater effluent contamination, pharmaceuticals, 11 Wastewater from hospitals, PGE emissions, 117 Water contamination, pharmaceuticals, 2 Water criteria expression, arithmetic mean, 64 Water criteria, bioavailability, 68 Water exposures, quality criteria, 66 Water pollution routes, Dutch pharmaceuticals, 3 Water quality criteria setting, AF vs. statistical methods, 71 Water quality criteria, components addressed (table), 21 Water quality criteria, data quality, 35 Water quality criteria, data reduction, 59 Water quality criteria, ecotoxicology and physical-chemical data, 34 Water quality criteria, estimating protectiveness, 67 Water quality criteria, exposure considerations, 62 Water quality criteria, harmonization across media, 93 Water quality criteria, literature, 34 Water quality criteria, numbers or advisory concentrations, 28 Water quality criteria, OECD methodology, 30 Water quality criteria, over- and underprotection, 33 Water quality criteria, physical-chemical data, 43 Water quality criteria, portion of species to protect, 32 Water quality criteria, threatened and endangered species, 93 Water quality criteria, types and uses, 28 Water quality criteria, use of QSAR, 40 Water quality guidelines, Tier I and II, 28 Water quality policies, country differences, 25 Water quality values, criteria calculation, 62 Water quality, protecting biological organization levels, 31 Water, fate of pharmaceutical waste, 4 Water-effect ratio, bioavailability modifier, 70 World consumption, PGEs (illus.), 114