Reviews of environmental contamination and toxicology. : Volume 186 continuation of residue reviews

Activated sludge, PFOS effects, 143 Acute hemorrhagic conjunctivitis, enterovirus related, 22 Adenovirus, diarrhea cause, 4 Adenovirus, incidence by age, 26 Adenovirus infection, drinking waterrelated, 9 Adenovirus, waterborne enteric disease, children, 36 Adenoviruses, enteric, described, 8 AEATF task force, 110 Agricultural Handlers Exposure Assessment Database (AHED), 113 Agricultural Reentry Exposure Task Force (ARTF), 112, 116 AHED (Agricultural Handlers Exposure Assessment Database), 113 AHETF task force, 110, 113 Allolobophora spp. (earthworms), heavy metal bioassays, 82 Applied risk analysis, exposure monitoring, 107ff. Apporectodea spp. (earthworms), heavy metal bioassays, 82 Aquatic invertebrates, PFOS toxicity (table), 147 Aquatic macrophytes, PFOS effects, 145 ARTF (Agricultural Reentry Exposure Task Force, 110, 112, 116 Aseptic meningitis, entovirus-related, 21 Assessment endpoints, enteric viral diseases, children, 37 Astigmate bioassays, DDTcontaminated soils, 89 Astrovirus, diarrhea cause, 4 Astroviruses, described, 10 B-lymphocyte function, children deficient, 2 BAFs, see Bioaccumulation factors, 143 BCFs, see Bioconcentration factors, 140 Benchmarks, PFOS aquatic organisms, 160 Bioassays, in ecological risk assessment, 75 Bioaccumulation factors (BAFs), 140 Bioavailability of soil contaminants, parameters considered, 92 Bioconcentration factors, PFOS, 138, 140 Biodegradation, PFOS, 136 Birds, PFOS toxicity, 154, 158, 166 Black bindweed (Fallopia convolvulus), copper bioassays, 87 Body surface area, pesticide exposure, 121 Body weight average, pesticide exposure, 121 Bornholm disease, entovirus related, 23 Breast feeding, reduces infant diarrhea, 5 Calcivirus, diarrhea cause, 4 Calcivirus, genera/strains, table, 12 Calciviruses, described, 11 Caliciviruses, incidence by age, 26 Calciviruses, waterborne enteric disease, children, 36 California Pesticide Illness Surveillance Program, 57ff. California, pyrethroid illnesses, 57ff. California Roller, uniform pesticide applicator, 117 Central tendency statistic, pesticide exposure, 121 ChE inhibitors, restricted entry interval determining, 115 Chemic/physical properties, PFOS, 135 Children, diarrheal disease numbers, 4 Index 175 176 Index Children, enteric viral infection risks, 1ff. Children enteric viruses, hospital admissions, 7 Children, environmental risks, 2 Children, immunocompromised diseases, enterovirus-related, 24 Children, spleen immature marginal zone compartment, 2 Children’s Exposure Factors Handbook (EPA), pesticide, 124 Collembola, copper bioassays, 87 Collembola, heavy metal bioassays, 83 Combined upper-bound exposure factors, pesticide, 123 Contaminated soil, ecological risk assessment, 73 ff. Copper-contaminated soils, risk assessment, 85 Copper-contaminated soils, screening levels, 85 Costs of enteric viral infections in children, 29 Cricket bioassays, DDT-contaminated soils, 89 CropLife America (formerly NACA), 113 Cyfluthrin, dislodgeable foliar residue illnesses, 65 Cyfluthrin, illnesses described, 64 Cyhalothrin-8, illnesses described, 66 DDT-contaminated soils, bioassays, 89 DDT-contaminated soils, risk assessment, 88 Dermal absorption, pesticide exposure, 122 Dermal dosimetry, pesticides, 113 Diarrhea-associated hospitalizations, ethnicity, 5 Diarrheal diseases, children numbers, 4 Diarrheal diseases, leading cause childhood morbidity, 4 Dislodgeable foliar residue, 112 Dislodgeable residue studies, pyrethroids, 65 Dollar costs of enteric viral infections, children, 29 Dose-response models, enteric viral infection, 33 Drinking water, enteric viral infections, children, 31 Drinking water intake by age, 32 Earthworms (Eisenia andrei), zinc bioassays, 80 Earthworms (Eisenia fetida), heavy metal bioassays, 82 Earthworms, PFOS uptake/toxicity, 142 Ecological risk assessment, contaminated soil, 73 ff. Ecological risk assessment, defined, 74 Economic impact, enteric viral infections, 28 Ecotoxicology, PFOS, 143 ff. Eisenia andrei (earthworms), zinc bioassays, 80 Eisenia fetida (earthworms), heavy metal bioassays, 82 Enchytraeus crypticus (pot worm), zinc bioassays, 80 Enteric adenoviruses 40 & 41, described, 9 Enteric viral diseases, children, waterborne, 35 Enteric viral infection, children, social factors, 32 Enteric viral infection, dose-response models, 33 Enteric viral infections, children, 1 ff. Enteric viral infections, economic impact, 28 Enteric virus infections, incidence by age, 25 Enteric virus infections, incidence U.S., 28 Enteric viral infectious dose, children, 33 Enterovirus illness, described, 18 Enterovirus illnesses in children, table, 25 Enterovirus, incidence by age, 27 Enterovirus infections, symptoms in children, 19 Enterovirus related rheumatoid arthritis, 25 Index 177 Enteroviruses, described, 16 Enteroviruses, incubation periods, 16 Enteroviruses, perinatal/neonatal infections, 19 Enteroviruses, waterborne enteric disease, children, 38 Eteroviruses (human), serotypes (table), 17 Exanthems (skin eruptions), enterovirus related, 21 Exposure databases (pesticide), applied risk analysis, 107ff. Exposure, enteric viral infections, children, 31ff. Exposure Factors Handbook (EPA), pesticide, 124 Exposure monitoring databases, 107ff. Exposure monitoring in risk analysis, 107ff. Extreme case, pesticide exposure, 120 Febril illness, nonspecific, enterovirus related, 21 Fecal-oral agent exposure, children, 4 Fish, PFOS toxicity (table), 150, 163 Folsomia candida (springtails), zinc bioassay, 79 Fruit fly bioassays, DDT-contaminated soils, 89 8-Cyhalothrin, illnesses described, 66 Gamasite bioassays, DDTcontaminated soils, 89 Gastrointestinal infection risk, children, 2 Generic exposure databases (pesticide), development, 113 Generic pesticide exposure data bases, 107ff. GLP (Good Laboratory Practices), 109 Good Laboratory Practices (GLP), 109, 114 Group A rotavirus, endemic worldwide, 6 Group B rotavirus, adult diarrhea source, 6 Hazard, assessment, PFOS, 157 Health risks in children, enteric viral infections, 1ff. Hepatitis A incidence, by age, table, 13 Hepatitis A, incubation period, 13 Hepatitis A sources, table, 13 Hepatitis A virus, described, 12 Hepatitis A virus, incidence by age, 26 Hepatitis A virus, waterborne enteric disease, children, 37 Hepatitis A, water-transmitted, 14 Hepatitis E virus, described, 15 Hepatitis E, incubation period, 15 Hepatitis E, leading illness agent, developing countries, 15 Hepatitis E virus, incidence by age, 27 Hepatitis E virus, waterborne enteric disease, children, 37 Hepatitis E, young & middle-aged adults, 15 Hepatitis viruses, 12ff. Herpangina, enterovirus related, 20 Hospital admissions, children enteric viruses, 7 Human enteroviruses, serotypes, table, 17 Human exposure databases (pesticide), risk analysis, 107ff. Human pesticide exposure risk analysis, 107ff. Hydrolysis, PFOS, 136 Immunocompromised children diseases, enterovirus related, 24 Immunoglobulin A, combating viral enteric infection, 2 Infants, dehydration risk, 3 Inhalation exposure, pesticides, 113 Insecticide illnesses (pyrethroid), California, 57ff. Interferon-alpha, deficient in infant lungs, 2 Intussusception, adenovirus associated, 9 Invertebrates, PFOS effects, 146 Jazzercise study, children’s pesticide exposure, 117 Low birth weight, risk factor infant gastroenteritis, 6 178 Index Lumbricus spp. (earthworms), heavy metal bioassays, 82 Lux bacteria-based bioassay, described, 76 Maximally exposed individual, pesticide exposure, 120 Maximum rate/maximum number, pesticide applications, 123 Microbes, zinc bioassays, 81 Microtox bioassay, described, 76 Mite (predatory) bioassays, DDTcontaminated soils, 89 Mode of action, pyrethroids, 58 Modified California Roller, pesticide applicator, 118 Myocarditis, enterovirus related, 23 NACA (National Agricultural Chemical Association, 113 National Agricultural Chemical Association (NACA), 113 Nematodes, zinc bioassays for soil, 81 Nonspecific febrile illness, enterovirus related, 21 Norwalk virus, diarrhea cause, 4 Octanol/water partitioning, PFOS, 137 ORETF task force, 110 Outdoor Residential Exposure Task Force (pesticide), 118 Paralysis, enterovirus related, 18 Perflluorinated alkyl acids (PFAAs), 133 Perfluorooctanesulfonate (PFOS), ecotoxicological evaluation, 133 ff. Perfluorooctanesulfonate, see PFOS, 133 ff. Personal protective equipment (PPE), pesticide workers, 110 Pesticide dermal dosimetry, 113 Pesticide exposure, body surface area, 121 Pesticide exposure, body weight, 121 Pesticide exposure databases, applied risk analysis, 107 ff. Pesticide exposure, dermal absorption, 122 Pesticide exposure estimates from generic data, 119 Pesticide exposure, respiration rate, 122 Pesticide exposure risk analysis, 107 ff. Pesticide exposure, transferable residue, 122 Pesticide exposures derived from generic databases (table), 124 Pesticide generic exposure databases, development, 113 Pesticide Handlers Exposure Database (PHED), 110 Pesticide inhalation exposure, 113 PFAAs, see Perfluorinated alkyl acids, 133 PFOS, aquatic hazard assessment, 160 PFOS, aquatic plant benchmark, 161 PFOS, aquatic toxicity benchmarks, 160 PFOS, bioaccumulation factors for plants, 143 PFOS, bioconcentration factors, 138, 140 PFOS, biodegradation, 136 PFOS, bird tissue residues, 166 PFOS, bird toxicity benchmarks, 165 PFOS, chemical structure, 134 PFOS, critical body burden, fish, 162 PFOS, ecotoxicology, 143 ff. PFOS, effects activated sludge, 143 PFOS, effects aquatic macrophytes, 145 PFOS, effects invertebrates, 146 PFOS, effects phytoplankton, 143 PFOS, environmental fate, 135 PFOS, environmental persistence, 133 PFOS, fish bioconcentration factors, 140 PFOS, hazard assessment, 157 PFOS, hydrolysis, 136 PFOS, octanol/water partitioning, 137 PFOS, photolysis, 136 PFOS, physico/chemical properties, 135, 136 PFOS salts, 135 PFOS, see Perfluorooctanesulfonate, 133 ff. Index 179 PFOS, soil adsorption/desorption, 138 PFOS, terrestrial invertebrates benchmark, 165 PFOS, terrestrial plants benchmark, 164 PFOS, terrestrial toxicity benchmarks, 164 PFOS, thermal stability, 137 PFOS toxicity, amphibians, 151 PFOS toxicity, aquatic invertebrates (table), 147 PFOS toxicity, birds, 154, 158, 166 PFOS toxicity, fish (table), 150, 163 PFOS toxicity, terrestrial invertebrates, 152 PFOS toxicity, terrestrial plants, 152 PFOS toxicity, terrestrial vertebrates, 154 PFOS, uptake terrestrial plants, 142 PFOS, uses, 134 PHED (Pesticide Handlers Exposure Database), 110, 112 PHED task force, 110, 112 Photolysis, PFOS, 136 Phytoplankton, PFOS effects, 143 Pleurodynia, enterovirus related, 23 Poliovirus, probability of infection, different routes, 39 Poliovirus, tapwater exposure, children, 39 Pot worm (Enchytraeus crypticus), zinc bioassays, 80 PPE (Personal protective equipment), 21 Predatory mite bioassays, DDTcontaminated soils, 89 Probability of infection, poliovirus different routes, 39 Prostigmate bioassays, DDTcontaminated soils, 89 Pyrethroid illnesses, California, 57ff. Pyrethroid illnesses, group vs individual, California, 60 Pyrethroid-related illnesses, California, table, 60 Pyrethroids, exposure symptoms (human), table, 61 Pyrethroids, illness & use report data, California, 59 Pyrethroids, illness episodes, California, 62 Pyrethroids, mode of action, 58 Pyrethroids, symptom array & exposure route, 61 Pyrethroids, Types I & II, described, 57 Pyrethroids, use violations, 62 Realistic upper bound, pesticide exposure, 120 Red Book (National Academy of Science), 108 Redtop grass (Agrostis stolonifera), copper-tolerant, 87 Reentry Worker Exposure, 114 REI (Restricted entry intervals), 114 Residential pesticide exposure duration, 123 Residue transferability (pesticide), to field workers, 114 Respiration rate, pesticide exposure, 122 Respiratory illness, enterovirus related, 21 Restricted entry intervals (REI), 114 Rheumatoid arthritis, enterovirusrelated, 25 Risk assessment, contaminated soil, 73ff. Risk assessment endpoints, enteric viral diseases, children, 38 Risk assessment, enteric viral infection, children, 33 Risk characterization, enteric viruses water/children, 38 Rotavirus, diarrhea cause, 4 Rotavirus gastroenteritis, incidence vs children age, 6 Rotavirus, greatest agents of infant gastroenteritis, 6 Rotavirus Group A, endemic worldwide, 6 Rotavirus Group B, adult diarrhea source, 6 Rotavirus, incidence by age, 25 Rotavirus, most common viral diarrhea pathogen, 4 Rotavirus prevalence, by country, 8 180 Index Rotavirus, waterborne enteric disease, children, 36 Safe level, pesticide foliar residue, 115 Spleen, children, immature marginal zone compartment, 2 Springtail bioassays, DDTcontaminated soils, 89 Springtails (Folsomia candida), zinc bioassay, 79 Springtails, copper bioassays, 86 Springtails, heavy metal bioassays, 83 Standardized test procedures, contaminated soils, 75 Subdivision U (EPA), pesticide exposure monitoring history, 112 Symptoms, pyrethroid-related illnesses, table 61 Synthetic pyrethroid illnesses, California, 57 ff. T-cell helper function, children deficient, 2 Tapwater intake by age, 32 Theoretical upper-bound estimate (TUBE), pesticide exposure, 119 Toxicity, PFOS, animals & plants, 143 ff. Transfer coefficient (pesticides), to field workers, 114 Transferable turf residue, pesticide, 118 TRIAD system, sediment quality, described, 96 TUBE (theoretical upper-bound estimate), pesticide exposure, 119 Turf, transferable pesticide residue, 118 Type I pyrethroids, described, 57 Type II pyrethroids, described, 57 Viral diarrhea, causal organisms, 4 Viral protein 4, children’s inability to cleave virulent strain, 5 Water intake by age, 32 Waterborne enteric viral diseases, children, 35 Whole-body dosimetry, pesticides, 113 Worker reentry exposure database, 116 Worst case, pesticide exposure, 120 Zinc-contaminated soils, risk assessment, 77 Zinc-contaminated soils, screening levels, 78 Zinc-contaminated soils, The Netherlands, 78 Zinc-contaminated soils, United Kingdom, 81