Atlas of non-invasive coronary angiography by multidetector computed tomography

Chapter 1: Basics and Performance of Cardiac Computed Tomography 3 Xavier Alomar-Serrallach, Ernesto Castillo-Gallo, Guillem Pons-Lladó 1.1 Introduction 3 1.2 Historical Perspective of Computed Tomography 3 1.3 Basic Principles of Multidetector Computed Tomography in the Study of the Heart 4 1.3.1 Detectors 5 1.3.2 Image reconstruction 5 1.3.3 Temporal resolution 7 1.3.4 Spatial resolution 7 1.3.5 Control of radiation dose 8 1.4 Performance of a Cardiac MDCT Study 9 1.4.1 Preparation of the patient 9 1.4.2 Image acquisition and contrast administration 9 1.4.3 Image reconstruction 11 Chapter 2: Normal Anatomy and Congenital Abnormalities of the Coronary Arteries 15 Rubén Leta-Petracca 2.1 Introduction 15 2.2 Left Coronary Artery 17 2.2.1 Left main (LM) artery 17 2.2.2 Left anterior descending (LAD) 18 2.2.3 Left circumflex (LCx) 22 2.2.4 Intermediate coronary artery 23 2.3 Right Coronary Artery (RCA) 26 2.4 Pattern of Dominance of the Coronary Arteries 30 2.5 Congenital Anomalies of the Coronary Arteries 33 2.5.1 Anomalies relatable to myocardial ischemia 35 2.5.2 Anomalies not leading to myocardial ischemia 37 Chapter 3: Detection and Quantification of Coronary Artery Calcium by MDCT 43 Francesc Carreras 3.1 Introduction 43 3.2 CAC Quantification: The Agatston Method 44 3.3 Clinical Implications of CAC 47 Chapter 4: Coronary Artery Stenoses: Detection, Quantitation and Characterization 51 Rubén Leta-Petracca, Sandra Pujadas, Guillem Pons-Lladó 4.1 Introduction 51 4.2 Analyisis of Coronary Artery Lesions4.2.1 Diagnostic tools of MDCT applied in the study of coronary artery lesions 59 4.2.1.1 Axial images 59 4.2.1.2 3D volume render reconstruction 61 4.2.1.3 Multiplanar reconstruction (MPR) 63 4.2.1.4 Maximal intensity projection (MIP) and volume rendering techniques 75 4.2.2 Reading a MDCT coronary angiography 78 4.2.2.1 Imaging artifacts 79 4.2.2.2 Assessment of the magnitude of coronary artery lesions 81 4.2.2.3 MDCT study of the components of coronary artery atherosclerotic plaques 95 4.2.2.4 Non-atherosclerotic coronary artery disease 97 4.3 Role of Noninvasive Coronary Angiography by MDCT in Clinical Practice 106 Chapter 5: Morphological and Functional Assessment of Heart Chambers by MDCT 113 Guillem Pons-Lladó 5.1 Assessment of Ventricular Volume and Function 113 5.2 Myocardial Tissue Characterization