Neuroanatomy for the neuroscientist

Part I Introduction to the Central Nervous System Chapter 1 Introduction to the Central Nervous System I. The Neuron A. The Senses .. . 5Cytology B. Basic Design and Functional Organization of Cerebral Cortex: .C. Correlation of Neocortical Cytoarchitecture and FunctionII. Methods for Study of Functional Localization .A. How Do We Study Function? B. How Do We Confirm the Location of the Pathology? C. Neurophysiology Correlates of Cortical Cytoarchitecture and the Basis of the EEG . III. Subcortical White Matter Afferents and Efferents .A. Projection Fibers (Fig. 8.8) . . B. Commissural Fibers . C. Associational Fibers D. Afferent Inputs and Efferent Projections of Neocortex E. Nonthalamic Sources of Input F. Efferent Projections IV. Development of the Cerebral Cortex A. Primary Sulci B. Myelination .Part II The Systems within the Central Nervous System Chapter 9 Motor System I: Movement and Motor Pathways I. Cerebral Cortical Motor Functions A. Concept of Central Pattern GeneratorsB. Effects of Spinal, Brain Stem, and Cerebral Lesions on the Motor System II. Postnatal Development of Motor Reflexes III. Relationship of Primary Motor, PremotorMovements G. Opticokinetic Movements VII. Major Voluntary Motor Pathways A. Basic Principles of Voluntary Motor SystemB. Corticospinal Tract: Voluntary Control of the Limbs, Thorax, and Abdomen C. Corticonuclear/Corticobulbar System: Voluntary Control of the Muscles Controlled by Cranial nerves V, VII, and IX–XII D. Corticomesencephalic System:Voluntary Control of Muscles Associated with Eye Movements (Cranial Nerves III, IV, and VIChapter 10 Motor System II: Basal Ganglia I. Anatomy A. Connections B. Microanatomy of the Striatum C. Overview of the Dopaminergic Systems D. Overlap with the Cerebellar System II. Clinical Symptoms and Signs of Dysfunction B. Major Cerebellar Syndromes. Chapter 12 Somatosensory Function and the Parietal Lobe I. Postcentral Gyrus: Somatic Sensory Cortex [Primary Sensory S-I] A. Organization of the Postcentral Gyrus B. Postcentral Gyrus Stimulation C. Postcentral Gyrus Lesions II. Superior and Inferior Parietal Lobules A. Stimulation B. Lesions C. Parietal Lobules in the Dominant Hemisphere D. Parietal Lobules in the Nondominant Hemisphere. C. Other Lesions of the Diencephalon and Adjacent Regions Producing the Amnestic Confabulatory Disorder Seen in the Korsakoff Syndrome D. The Amnestic Confabulatory Syndrome Following Lesions of the Hippocampus and Related Structures E. Progressive Dementing Processes V. Prefrontal Granular Areas and Emotions A. Anatomy and Functional Localization B. Connections of the Prefrontal Cortex C. The Case of Phineas P. Gage D. Studies of Jacobsen and Nissen E. Functional Neurosurgery F. Role of the Limbic System in Psychiatric Disorders VI. The Limbic Brain as a Functional System .of the Brain A. Dura Mater B. Arachnoid C. Pia Mater II. Ventricular System III. Blood Supply to the Brain . A. Arterial Supply to the Brain .B. Venous Circulation of the Brain Chapter 17 Cerebral Vascular Disease I. Overview A. Definitions B. Demographics II. Ischemic–Occlusive Cerebrovascular Disease A.Definitions B. Role of Anastomoses C. Major Types of Ischemic–Occlusive Disease III. Clinical Correlates of Vascular A. Hierarchy of Function III. Parietal Lobe and Tac A. General Overview and Prefrontal Cortex . . B. Muscles II. The Nervous System . III. Central Nervous SystemB. Brain . IV. Glands Associ ated with the BrainChapter 2 Neurocytology: Cells of the CNS. I. The Neuron . C. Golgi Type I and II Neurons D. Dendritic Spines E. Cytoplasmic Organelles F. NucleusSynapse A. Synaptic Structure B. Synaptic Types C. SynapticVesicles D. Synaptic Transmission. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38 III. Supporting Cells of the Central Nervous System . . . . . . . . . 40 A. Astrocytes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40 B. Oligodendrocytes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42 C. Endothelial Cells . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42 D. Mononuclear Cells . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43 E. Ependymal Cells . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45 IV. Supporting Cells in the Peripheral Nervous System . . . . . . . 46 A. Satellite Cells . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46 B. Schwann Cells . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46 C. Neural Crest Cells . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47 V. Response of Nervous System to Injury. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47 A. Degeneration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47 B. Regeneration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49 VI. Blood-Brain Barrier . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52 A. Blood-Brain Barrier . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52 B. Extracellular Space and the CSF . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54 Chapter 3 Spinal Cord. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55 I. Anatomy of the Spinal Cord . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55 A. Spinal Cord: Structure and Function . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56 B. Laminar Organization of Central Gray . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61 C. Segmental Function . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64 II. Nociception and Pain . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70G. Coughing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 116 H. Taste . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 116 V. Guidelines for Localizing Disease to and within the Brain Stem . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 118 Chapter 5 The Cranial Nerves . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121 I. How the Cranial Nerves Got Their Numbers . . . . . . . . . . . . 121 A.Anterior Cranial Fossa (CN I and II) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121 B. Middle Cranial Fossa (CN III, IV, V, and VI) . . . . . . . . . 122 C. Posterior Cranial Fossa (CN VIII–XII) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 122 II. Functional Organization of Cranial Nerves . . . . . . . . . . . . . 122 III. Embryological Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 124 IV. The Individual Cranial Nerves . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 126 A. Cranial Nerve I: Olfactory . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127 B. Cranial Nerve II, Optic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 128 C. Cranial Nerve III, Oculomotor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 129 D. Cranial Nerve IV: Trochlear, Pure Motor . . . . . . . . . . . . 131 E. Cranial Nerve VI: Abducens, Pure Motor . . . . . . . . . . . . 131 F. Cranial Nerve V: Trigeminal, Mixed Nerve (Sensory and Motor But No Parasympathetic) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 132 G. Cranial Nerve VII, Facial, Mixed Nerve (Sensory, Motor, Parasympathetic) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 134 H. Cranial Nerve VIII, Vestibulo-cochlear, Special Somatic Sensory, Receptive Organs in PetrousComplex and Lateral Nucleus B. Limbic Nuclei: Anterior, Medial, Lateral Dorsal, Midline, and Intralaminar Nuclei C. Specific Associational Polymodal/Somatic Nuclei: The Pulvinar Nuclei D. Special Somatic Sensory Nuclei: Vision and Audition. Lateral Geniculate and Medial Geniculate E. Nonspecific Associational III. White Matter of the Diencephalon A. Internal Capsule