Current hypotheses and research milestones in Alzheimer's disease

Amyloid –b: General Aspects Role of Ab Degrading Enzymes in Synaptic Plasticity and Neurogenesis in Alzheimer’sPlasma Membrane-Associated PHF-Core Could be the Trigger for Tau Aggregation in Alzheimer’s Disease. . . . . . . . . . . . 93 Karla I. Lira-De León, Martha A. De Anda-Hernández, Victoria Campos-Peña, and Marco A. Meraz-Ríos Oxidative Stress Hypothesis Neurofibrillary Tangle Formation as a Protective Response to Oxidative Stress in Alzheimer’s Disease . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103 Akihiko Nunomura, Atsushi Takeda, Paula I. Moreira, Rudy J. Castellani, Hyoung-gon Lee, Xiongwei Zhu, Mark A. Smith, and George Perry Neuroimmunological Hypothesis Inflammatory Processes Exacerbate Degenerative Neurological Disorders . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117 Patrick L. McGeer, Edith G. McGeer, and Claudia Schwab Central Nervous System Inflammation and Cholesterol Metabolism Alterations in the Pathogenesis of Alzheimer’s Disease and Their Diagnostic and Therapeutic Implications . . . . . . . . . . . 125 Leonel E. Rojo, Jorge Fernández, José Jiménez, Andrea A. Maccioni, Alejandra Sekler, Rodrigo O. Kuljis, and Ricardo B. Maccioni Participation of Glial Cells in the Pathogenesis of AD: A Different View on Neuroinflammation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 139 Rommy von Bernhardi Cerebrovascular Pathology and AD Cerebral and Cardiac Vascular Pathology in Alzheimer’s Disease . . . . . . 159 Jack C. de la Torre Are Amyloids Infectious? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 171 Rodrigo Morales, Baian Chen, and Claudio Soto The Possible Link Between Herpes Simplex Virus Type 1 Infection and Neurodegeneration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 181 Carola Otth, Angara Zambrano, and Margarita Concha viii Contents Contents ix General Aspects of AD Pathogenesis Selective Cerebrocortical Regional, Laminar, Modular and Cellular Vulnerability and Sparing in Alzheimer’s Disease: Unexploited Clues to Pathogenesis, Pathophysiology, Molecular- and Systems-Level Hypothesis Generation and Experimental Testing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 191 Rodrigo O. Kuljis How Biochemical Pathways for Disease May be Triggered by Early-Life Events . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 205 Debomoy K. Lahiri, Bryan Maloney, and Nasser H. Zawia Biomarkers and AD Strategies for Alzheimer’s Disease Diagnosis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 217 Lisbell D. Estrada and Claudio Soto Cognitive Neurology in AD The Diagnosis of Dementia in Subjects with Heterogeneous Educational Levels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 229 Maria Teresa Carthery-Goulart, Paulo Caramelli, and Ricardo Nitrini Current Anti-Dementia Drugs: Hypothesis and Clinical Benefits . . . . . . . 237 Patricio Fuentes Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 243 Disease . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 Leslie Crews, Brian Spencer, and Eliezer Masliah Pore-Forming Neurotoxin-Like Mechanism for Ab Oligomer-Induced Synaptic Failure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 Luis G. Aguayo, Jorge Parodi, Fernando J. Sepúlveda, and Carlos Opazo Interventions in Aging and Neurodegenerative Disease: Effects on Adult Stem Cells . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23 Adam D. Bachstetter, Carmellina Gemma, and Paula C. Bickford Neuronal Cytoskeleton and the Tau Hypothesis Tau Transgenic Mouse Models in Therapeutic Development . . . . . . . . . . 41 Hanno M. Roder What Have We Learned from the Tau Hypothesis? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49 Ricardo B. Maccioni, Gustavo A. Farias, Leonel E. Rojo, M. Alejandra Sekler, and Rodrigo O. Kuljis Neuronal Cytoskeleton Regulation and Neurodegeneration . . . . . . . . . . . 63 Ya-Li Zheng, Niranjana D. Amin, Parvathi Rudrabhatla, Sashi Kesavapany, and Harish C. Pant Stages of Pathological Tau-Protein Processing in Alzheimer’s Disease: From Soluble Aggregations to Polymerization into Insoluble Tau-PHFs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79 Raúl Mena and José Luna-Muñoz Contents vi