Environmental Toxicants : Human Exposures and Their Health Effects.3rd

Preface -- Contributors -- 1: Introduction And Background -- 1-1: Characterization of chemical contaminants -- 1-2: Human exposures and dosimetry -- 1-3: Chemical exposures and dose to target tissues -- 1-4: Concentration of toxic chemicals in human microenvironments -- 1-5: Inhalation exposures and respiratory tract effects -- 1-6: Ingestion exposures and gastrointestinal tract effects -- 1-7: Skin exposure and dermal effects -- 1-8: Absorption through membranes and systemic circulation -- 1-9: Accumulation in target tissues and dosimetric models -- 1-10: Indirect measures of past exposures -- 1-11: Characterization of health -- 1-12: Exposure-response relationships -- 1-13: Study options for health effects studies -- References -- 2: Perspectives On Individual And Community Risks -- 2-1: Nature at risk -- 2-2: Identification and quantification of risks -- 2-3: Risk communication -- 2-4: Risk reduction -- References -- 3: Reducing Risks-An Environmental Engineering Perspective -- 3-1: Introduction -- 3-2: Environmental risk-based decision making -- 3-3: Applications and use -- 3-4: Recent information -- 3-5: Integrated assessments -- 3-6: Summary -- References -- 4: Clinical Perspective On Respiratory Toxicology -- 4-1: Concepts of exposure -- 4-2: Tools for studying individuals -- 4-3: Tools for studying populations -- 4-4: Cardiovascular responses -- 4-5: Limitations of clinical and epidemiological assessments of the effects of inhaled agents -- 4-6: Advice and counseling of patients -- 4-7: Summary -- References -- 5: Industrial Perspectives: Translating The Knowledge Base Into Corporate Policies, Programs, And Practices For Health Protection -- 5-1: Life cycle of a chemical: many points for possible intervention -- 5-2: Knowledge base for the identification of hazard control strategies -- 5-3: Industrial hygiene and occupational health programs: implementing the knowledge base -- 5-4: Product stewardship -- 5-5: Responsible care® -- 5-6: Concluding perspective -- 6: Drinking Water Disinfection By-Products -- 6-1: Introduction -- 6-2: Chemical methods of disinfection -- 6-3: Chemical nature and occurrence of disinfectant by-products -- 6-4: Associations of human disease with drinking water disinfection -- 6-5: General toxicological properties of disinfectants -- 6-6: General toxicological properties of disinfectant by-products -- 6-7: Carcinogenic properties of disinfectants -- 6-8: Carcinogenic by-products of disinfectants -- 6-9: Effects of disinfectants and their by-products on reproduction -- 6-10: Effects on development -- 6-11: By-products of potential interest -- 6-12: Summary and conclusions -- Glossary -- References -- 7: Food -- 7-1: Introduction -- 7-2: Legal and regulatory framework in the United States -- 7-3: Toxicity test requirements and safety criteria -- 7-4: Substances intentionally added to food -- 7-5: Food contaminants of industrial origin -- 7-6: Constituents and contaminants of natural origin -- 7-7: Food safety in the European union -- 7-8: Summary and conclusion -- Acronyms -- References -- 8: Volatile Organic Compounds And Sick Building Syndrome -- 8-1: Introduction -- 8-2: Prevalence of exposures to volatile organic compounds -- 8-3: Health and volatile organic compounds -- 8-4: Prevalence of the sick building syndrome -- 8-5: Dose-response relationships for health effects caused by low-level VOC exposure -- 8-6: Guidelines for volatile organic compounds in nonindustrial indoor environments-principles for establishment of guidelines -- References -- 9: Formaldehyde And Other Aldehydes -- 9-1: Background -- 9-2: Single-exposure health effects -- 9-3: Effects of multiple exposures -- References -- 10: Ambient Air particulate Matter -- 10-1: Sources and pathways for human exposure -- 10-2: Ambient air PM concentrations -- 10-3: Extent of population exposures to ambient air PM -- 10-4: Nature of the evidence for human health effects of ambient air PM -- 10-5: Epidemiological evidence for human health effects of ambient air PM -- 10-6: Discussion and current knowledge on the health effects of PM -- 10-7: Standards and exposure guidelines -- References --