Dementia (Second Edition)

List of Review Contributors xi Preface xiii CHAPTER 1 DEFINITION AND EPIDEMIOLOGY OF DEMENTIA 1 Definition and Epidemiology of Dementia: A Review 1 A.S. Henderson and A.F. Jorm COMMENTARIES 1.1 The Continuing Evolution of Dementia Epidemiology 34 M. Ganguli 1.2 Dementia: Hope for the Future 36 S. Lovestone 1.3 Dementia: Much Information, Many Unanswered Questions 39 L.F. Jarvik 1.4 Vascular Factors and Dementia 42 I. Skoog 1.5 Dementia: Known and Unknown 45 E.D. Caine 1.6 Dementia: a Public Health Emergency and a Scientific Challenge 47 L. Fratiglioni 1.7 Dementia: Plenty of Questions Still to Be Answered 50 R. Jacoby 1.8 Rates and Risk Factors for Dementia: Evidence or Controversy? 52 P. Kragh-Sùrensen, K. Andersen, A. Lolk and H. Nielsen 1.9 Dementia: the Public Health Challenge 55 K.I. Shulman 1.10 Definition and Epidemiology of Dementia: Some Issues that Need Clarification 57 P.J. Whitehouse 1.11 Dementia: the Challenge for the Next Decade 59 A. Mann 1.12 Recent Progress in the Definition and Epidemiology of Dementia 62 A. Burns 1.13 Dementia: Some Controversial Issues 64 M.R. Jorge 1.14 Is the Prevalence Rate of Alzheimer's Disease Increasing in Japan? 66 A. Homma CHAPTER 2 CLINICAL DIAGNOSIS OF DEMENTIA 69 Clinical Diagnosis of Dementia: A Review 69 B. Reisberg, E. Franssen, M.A. Shah, J. Weigel, M. Bobinski and H.M. Wisniewski COMMENTARIES 2.1 The Value of Inclusive Diagnostic Thinking and Appreciating Developmental Variance 116 E.B. Larson 2.2 Reflections on Retrogenesis 118 J. O'Brien 2.3 Dementia: Diagnosis, Progression and Retrogression 120 P.S. Sachdev 2.4 Staging of Severe Alzheimer's Disease and the Concept of Retrogenesis: Doors to be Opened for Research and Clinical Practice 123 R. Heun 2.5 When Diagnosis is Certain, Functional Scores are Robust and Recommendable Markers of the Progression of Alzheimer's Disease 125 G. Ransmayr 2.6 Findings with the Aid of Functional Assessment Staging (FAST) 127 Sir M. Roth 2.7 Two Decades of Longitudinal Research in Alzheimer's Disease 130 S.I. Finkel 2.8 Diagnosing Dementia: the Need for Improved Criteria 132 G. Gold vi CONTENTS 2.9 Pitfalls in Diagnosing Alzheimer's Disease 135 I. Kloszewska 2.10 Evaluating the Performance of Measures to Assess Dementia 136 D.R. Gifford 2.11 Dementia as a Diagnostic Entity 139 S. Wibisono CHAPTER 3 NEUROPSYCHOLOGICAL AND INSTRUMENTAL DIAGNOSIS OF DEMENTIA 143 Neuropsychological and Instrumental Diagnosis of Dementia: A Review 143 O. Almkvist COMMENTARIES 3.1 Improving Diagnosis of Dementia 166 M. Rossor 3.2 The Contribution of Neuropsychology to the Assessment of Dementia Syndromes 169 K. Ritchie 3.3 Neuropsychological and Instrumental Diagnosis of Dementia: the Evidence 171 P. Scheltens 3.4 Some Clinical Aspects and Research Issues in the Neuropsychological Assessment of Dementia 173 A.U. Monsch 3.5 The Role of Cognitive and Functional Evaluation in the Care of Patients with Dementia 176 R.C. Mohs 3.6 Evaluating the Cognitive Changes of Normal and Pathologic Aging 179 J.C. Morris and W.P. Goldman 3.7 Alzheimer's Disease and Other Degenerative Dementias: Need for an Early Diagnosis 182 R. Mielke and W.-D. Heiss 3.8 Neuropsychological and Instrumental Diagnosis of Dementia in a Clinical Context 184 G.K. Wilcock 3.9 Neuropsychological Tests that are Helpful to the Etiological Diagnosis of Dementia 187 F. Pasquier CONTENTS vii 3.10 The Importance of an Early Diagnosis in Alzheimer's Disease 189 A. Nordberg 3.11 When Should We Use Which Diagnostic Tools? 193 G. Stoppe 3.12 Factors Affecting Diagnosis in Dementia 195 A. Heerlein CHAPTER 4 PHARMACOLOGICAL TREATMENT OF DEMENTIA 199 Pharmacological Treatment of Dementia: A Review 199 S.C. Samuels and K.L. Davis COMMENTARIES 4.1 Alzheimer's Disease is Treatable 247 P.N. Tariot 4.2 Treatment of Dementia: Where Do We Go from Here? 251 D.P. Devanand 4.3 The Future of Alzheimer's Pharmacotherapeutics 253 E.R. Peskind 4.4 Outcome Measures and Ethical Issues in the Pharmacotherapy of Alzheimer's Disease 256 G. Waldemar 4.5 From Bench to Bedside: How to Treat Dementia 259 S. Gauthier 4.6 Some Limitations in the Drug Treatment of Alzheimer's Disease 262 B.E. Leonard 4.7 Issues Regarding the Pharmacotherapy of Dementia 266 K.L. LanctoÃt 4.8 Treatment of Cognitive and Non-cognitive Disturbances in Dementia 269 W. Samuel and D.V. Jeste 4.9 Are There Concerns about the ``Real World'' Effectiveness and Safety of Medications for Alzheimer's Disease? 272 L.S. Schneider 4.10 Phytoneuropsychotropics in Alzheimer's Disease: Treatment and/or Prevention 275 T.M. Itil viii CONTENTS CHAPTER 5 PSYCHOSOCIAL INTERVENTIONS FOR DEMENTIA 279 Psychosocial Interventions for Dementia: A Review 279 F. Baro COMMENTARIES 5.1 Psychosocial Dimensions of Dementia Care 308 K.C. Buckwalter 5.2 First Experience, then Evidence, then Possibly New Criteria 312 M. Powell Lawton 5.3 The Development of Cognitive Neurorehabilitation for Alzheimer's Disease 314 T. Asada 5.4 Psychosocial Interventions and Behavioural Treatments for Dementia 317 L. Teri 5.5 The Need for Greater Specificity in Psychosocial Interventions 319 C. Beck 5.6 Psychosocial Interventions in Dementia: the Nature and Focus of Intervention, Outcome Measurement and Quality of Life 322 S. Banerjee 5.7 General Comments on Psychosocial Interventions for Dementia 325 E. Miller 5.8 Changing Therapeutic Paradigms 327 B. Groulx 5.9 Psychosocial Interventions in Dementia: Attitudes, Approaches, Therapies and Quality of Life 330 E. Chiu 5.10 The Importance of Touch and Contact 332 Y. Barak 5.11 The Need to Improvise and Look for Evidence 334 A.M. Ashour 5.12 The Need for Psychosocial Interventions in Dementia 337 M. SuaÂrez Richards 5.13 Sharing and Supporting Families with Dementia 338 R. Srinivasa Murthy CONTENTS ix CHAPTER 6 COSTS OF DEMENTIA 341 Costs of Dementia: A Review 341 B. JoÈnsson, L. JoÈnsson and A. Wimo COMMENTARIES 6.1 Dementia: the Challenges for Economic Analysis 370 W. Max 6.2 Costs of Dementia: More Questions than Answers 372 C. Selai 6.3 Toward the Economics of Dementia 375 A.E. Rupp 6.4 A Cautionary Commentary on Costs of Dementia Studies 378 J. Schneider 6.5 Costs of Dementia: Valuable Information for Economic Evaluations 380 C.K. Andersen 6.6 Cost of Illness Study in Dementia: a Comment 382 J.-M. Graf von der Schulenburg 6.7 Dementia: Whose Burden is it Anyway? 384 S.K. Khandelwal Acknowledgements for the First Edition 389 Index