Environmental impact assessment : practical solutions to recurrent problems

PREFACE xi 1 INTRODUCTION 1 1.1 Highlights / 1 1.2 A Not-So-Hypothetical Scenario / 2 1.3 First Principles / 4 1.4 The Basics / 7 1.5 The Baseline / 9 1.6 A Structure / 13 1.7 A Strategy / 18 1.8 A Road Map / 19 1.9 Summing Up / 21 2 CONVENTIONAL EIA PROCESSES 23 2.1 Highlights / 23 2.2 Defining the Problem and Deciding on a Direction / 24 2.3 Conventional Regulatory EIA Approaches / 26 2.4 Conventional Applied Processes / 51 2.5 Summing Up / 71 vii 3 HOW TO MAKE EIAs MORE RIGOROUS 89 3.1 Highlights / 89 3.2 Insights from Practice / 90 3.3 Defining the Problem and Deciding on a Direction / 93 3.4 Selecting the Most Appropriate Route / 94 3.5 Instituting a Scientific EIA Process / 108 3.6 Assessing Process Effectiveness / 116 3.7 Summing Up / 121 4 HOW TO MAKE EIAs MORE RATIONAL 127 4.1 Highlights / 127 4.2 Insights from Practice / 128 4.3 Defining the Problem and Deciding on a Direction / 130 4.4 Selecting the Most Appropriate Route / 132 4.5 Instituting a Rational EIA Process / 143 4.6 Assessing Process Effectiveness / 150 4.7 Summing Up / 152 5 HOW TO MAKE EIAs MORE SUBSTANTIVE 159 5.1 Highlights / 159 5.2 Insights from Practice / 160 5.3 Defining the Problem and Deciding on a Direction / 162 5.4 Selecting the Most Appropriate Route / 166 5.5 Instituting a Substantive EIA Process / 186 5.6 Assessing Process Effectiveness / 198 5.7 Summing Up / 200 6 HOW TO MAKE EIAs MORE PRACTICAL 209 6.1 Highlights / 209 6.2 Insights from Practice / 210 6.3 Defining the Problem and Deciding on a Direction / 215 6.4 Selecting the Most Appropriate Route / 219 6.5 Instituting a Practical EIA Process / 248 6.6 Assessing Process Effectiveness / 257 6.7 Summing Up / 259 viii CONTENTS 7 HOW TO MAKE EIAs MORE DEMOCRATIC 266 7.1 Highlights / 266 7.2 Insights from Practice / 267 7.3 Defining the Problem and Deciding on a Direction / 272 7.4 Selecting the Most Appropriate Route / 277 7.5 Instituting a Democratic EIA Process / 293 7.6 Assessing Process Effectiveness / 306 7.7 Summing Up / 308 8 HOW TO MAKE EIAs MORE COLLABORATIVE 316 8.1 Highlights / 316 8.2 Insights from Practice / 317 8.3 Defining the Problem and Deciding on a Direction / 321 8.4 Selecting the Most Appropriate Route / 326 8.5 Instituting a Collaborative EIA Process / 369 8.6 Assessing Process Effectiveness / 379 8.7 Summing Up / 381 9 HOW TO MAKE EIAs MORE ETHICAL 389 9.1 Highlights / 389 9.2 Insights from Practice / 390 9.3 Defining the Problem and Deciding on a Direction / 393 9.4 Selecting the Most Appropriate Route / 395 9.5 Instituting an Ethical EIA Process / 406 9.6 Assessing Process Effectiveness / 412 9.7 Summing Up / 414 10 HOW TO MAKE EIAs MORE ADAPTIVE 419 10.1 Highlights / 419 10.2 Insights from Practice / 420 10.3 Defining the Problem and Deciding on a Direction / 423 10.4 Selecting the Most Appropriate Route / 427 CONTENTS ix 10.5 Instituting an Adaptive EIA Process / 469 10.6 Assessing Process Effectiveness / 477 10.7 Summing Up / 480 11 HOW TO CONNECT AND COMBINE EIA PROCESSES 488 11.1 Highlights / 488 11.2 Insights from Practice / 489 11.3 Defining the Problem and Deciding on a Direction / 493 11.4 Composite Regulatory Frameworks / 493 11.5 Matching Process and Context / 495 11.6 Process Interconnections / 499 11.7 Composite EIA Processes / 504 11.8 Challenges and Priorities / 510 11.9 Scenario Postscript / 512 11.10 Summing Up / 512 REFERENCES 517 INDEX 549