Spacefaring : the human dimension

Contents Preface xi Acknowledgments xvii 1. Why Space? 1 * The Beckoning Heavens * Knowledge Motives * Advancing Science and Technology * Education and Human Resource Development * Economic Motives * Spin-Offs * Managing Life on Planet Earth * Use of Space Resources * Space Tourism * Psychological and Social Motives * Personal Motivation * Uniting Humanity * Conclusion * 2. Spaceflight Human Factors 19 * Systems * Human Factors * The Changing Conditions of Spaceflight * Lessons from Space, Lessons from Earth * Spaceflight * Simulated Spaceflight Environments * Maritime Environments * Polar Environments * Conclusion * 3. Hazards and Countermeasures 38 * Environmental Risks * Acceleration * Microgravity * Radiation * Maintaining Health in Space * Preventative Measures * In-Flight Medical Treatment * Conclusion * viii CONTENTS 4. Life Support 58 * Spacecraft and Habitats * Visiting Space and the Race to the Moon * Shuttles and Space Stations * Life Support Systems * Artificial Atmosphere * Temperature * Water * Food * Clothing * Waste Management * In Situ Resource Utilization * Biospheres * Planetary Engineering * Conclusion * 5. Habitability 80 * Architectural Considerations * Forms and Configurations * Deployable Structures * Privacy * Functional Aesthetics * Lighting * Sound Control * Odor Control * Conclusion * 6. Selection and Training 98 * Selection * Basic Qualifications * Psychological Criteria * Ability * Stability * Social Compatibility * Training * Informal and Formal Training * Applying Principles of Learning * Simulators * Education in Space * Conclusion * 7. Stress and Coping 117 * Sources of Stress * Physical Environmental Stressors * Interpersonal Stressors * Organizational Stressors * Consequences of Stress * Cognitive Effects * Health * Psychological Reactions over Time * Managing Stress * Personal Coping * Peer Support * Psychological Support Groups * Psychiatric Health Maintenance Facilities * Conclusion * 8. Group Dynamics 137 * Crew Composition * Crew Size * Age * Gender and Ethnicity * International Crews * Group Structure and Process * Leadership * Communication * Conformity * Cohesiveness * Decision Making * Conflict * Factionalism * Conflicts with Mission Control * Conclusion * 9. At Work 158 * Spaceflight Conditions and Human Performance * Perception * Circadian Rhythms * Working in Microgravity * Space Suits and CONTENTS ix Extravehicular Activities * Role Loading * The Spacefarer’s Tool Kit * Work Spaces * Basic Tools * Partnering with Intelligent Machines * Assigning Tasks to People and Machines * Trust * Who’s in Charge Here? * Conclusion * 10. Mishaps 173 * Failures and Errors * Psychological Factors * Small-Group Factors * Organizational Factors * Designs * Quality and Reliability * Safety Devices * User-Friendly Designs * Keeping the Operator in the Loop * Conclusion 11. Off Duty 190 * Self-Maintenance * Personal Hygiene * Eating and Drinking * Sleeping * Sex in Space * Leisure Time Activities * Self- Improvement * Recreation * Maintaining Contact with Family and Friends * Down to Earth * Family Relationships * Working with the Public * Retirement * Conclusion * 12. Space Tourism 206 * Tourist-Friendly Spaceflight * Who Can Go? * Tourist Accommodations * Tourist Activities * Suborbital Flights * Orbital Flights * Hotels and Resorts * Fitting In * Tourists and Professionals * Environmental Protection * Conclusion * 13. Space Settlements 222 * Visions of the Future * Moonbase * Mars * Orbiting Colonies * The Millennial Project * Life on the High Frontier * Existence Needs * Relatedness Needs * Growth Needs * Conclusion 14. Interstellar Migration 241 * Starflight * Destinations * Interstellar Spacecraft * Multigeneration Missions * Slowships * Fastships * Single- Generation Missions * Shorten the Flight * Lengthen Life * Interstellar Humanity * Population * Cultures * Interstellar Politics * Conclusion * x CONTENTS 15. Restoring the Dream 262 * What Went Wrong on the Way to the Future? * Public Opinion * Constituencies * Organizational Dynamics * Back to the Future * Cutting Costs * Partnerships * Conclusion Notes 281 Index 313