Environmental pollution and control

Pollution and Environmental Ethics The Roots of Our Environmental Problems 2 Ethics 6 Environmental Ethics as Public Health 7 Environmental Ethics as Conservation and Preservation Environmental Ethics as Caring for Nonhuman Nature Application and Development of the Environmental Ethic 13 Conclusion 14 Environmental Risk Analysis Risk 15 Assessment of Risk 16 Dose-Response Evaluation Population Responses 20 Exposure and Latency 20 Expression of Risk 21 Ecosystem Risk Assessment Conclusion 29 Problems 29 17 28 Water Pollution Sources of Water Pollution 31 Elements of Aquatic Ecology 34 Biodegradation 36 Aerobic and Anaerobic Decomposition Effect of Pollution on Streams 39 Effect of Pollution on Lakes 44 Heavy Metals and Toxic Substances Effect of Pollution on Oceans 49 Conclusion 49 Problems 49 Appendix 52 47 37 10 12 15 31Measurement of Water Quality Sampling 57 Dissolved Oxygen 58 Biochemical Oxygen Demand 60 Chemical Oxygen Demand 65 Turbidity 65 Color and Odor 65 pH 66 Alkalinity 67 Solids 67 Nitrogen 70 Phosphates 72 Bacteriological Measurements 72 Viruses 73 Heavy Metals 73 Trace Toxic Organic Compounds Conclusion 74 Problems 74 73 Water Supply The Hydrologic Cycle and Water Availability Groundwater Supplies 78 Surface Water Supplies 85 Water Transmission 88 Conclusion 89 Problems 90 Water Treatment Coagulation and Flocculation Settling 93 Filtration 95 Disinfection 96 Conclusion 97 Problems 97 92 Collection of Wastewater Estimating Wastewater Quantities System Layout 101 Conclusion 102 Problems 103 99 Wastewater Treatment Wastewater Characteristics 105 Onsite Wastewater Disposal 106 Central Wastewater Treatment 108 77 57 77 91 99 105 Primary Treatment Secondary Treatment Tertiary Treatment Disinfection 119 Conclusion 119 Problems 121 109 112 116 Sludge Treatment, Utilization, and Disposal Sources of Sludge 125 Sludge Treatment 126 Utilization and Ultimate Disposal 134 Conclusion 134 Problems 135 Nonpoint Source Water Pollution The Runoff Process 139 Control Techniques Applicable to Nonpoint Source Pollution 140 Conclusion 143 Problems 143 Water Pollution Law and Regulations Common Law 146 Statutory Law 148 Conclusion 155 Problems 155 Solid Waste Quantities and Characteristics of Municipal Solid Waste 158 Collection 159 Disposal Options 161 Litter 162 Pollution Prevention 162 Conclusion 164 Problems 165 Solid Waste Disposal Disposal of Unprocessed Refuse in Sanitary Landfills Volume Reduction Before Disposal 174 Conclusion 175 Problems 175 Reuse, Recycling, and Recovery Recycling 178 Recovery 179 167 125 137 145 157 167 177Energy Recovery from the Organic Fraction of MSW Composting 188 Conclusion 190 Problems 190 Hazardous Waste The Magnitude of the Problem 193 Waste Processing and Handling 195 Transportation of Hazardous Wastes 196 Recovery Alternatives 198 Hazardous Waste Management Facilities 200 Pollution Prevention 208 Conclusion 209 Problems 209 Radioactive Waste Radiation 211 Health Effects 220 Sources of Radioactive Waste Radioactive Waste Management Transuranic Waste 229 Waste Form Modification Conclusion 230 Problems 231 222 227 230 Solid, Hazardous, and Radioactive Waste Law and Regulations Nonhazardous Solid Waste 234 Hazardous Waste 238 Radioactive Waste 241 Conclusion 242 Problems 242 Air Pollution Types and Sources of Gaseous Air Pollutants 248 Particulate Matter 255 Hazardous Air Pollutants 257 Global and Atmospheric Climate Change 257 Health Effects 260 Effects on Vegetation 265 Effects on Animals 267 Effects on Materials 2.67 Effects on Visibility 267 Indoor Air Pollution 267 Conclusion 268 Problems 268 185 193 211 233 245 Meteorology and Air Pollution Basic Meteorology 272 Horizontal Dispersion of Pollutants 272 Vertical Dispersion of Pollutants 274 Atmospheric Dispersion 279 Cleansing the Atmosphere 284 Conclusion 284 Problems 285 Measurement of Air Quality Measurement of Particulate Matter Measurement of Gases 290 Reference Methods 293 Grab Samples 293 Stack Samples 293 Smoke and Opacity 294 Conclusion 295 Problems 295 288 Air Pollution Control Source Correction 298 Collection of Pollutants 298 Cooling 298 Treatment 299 Control of Gaseous Pollutants 305 Control of Moving Sources 309 Control of Global Climate Change Conclusion 312 Problems 313 312 Air Pollution Law and Regulations Air Quality and Common Law 316 Statutory Law 317 Moving Sources 322 Tropospheric Ozone 322 Acid Rain 322 Problems of Implementation 323 Conclusion 324 Problems 324 Noise Pollution and Control The Concept of Sound 328 Sound Pressure Level, Frequency, and Propagation Sound Level 334 Measuring Transient Noise 33 7 330 271 287 297 315 327The Acoustic Environment 339 Health Effects of Noise 339 Noise Control 343 Conclusion 346 Problems 347 Environmental Impact and Economic Assessment Environmental Impact 352 Socioeconomic Impact Assessment 359 Conclusion 360 Problems 360 Appendix A Conversion Factors Appendix B Elements and Atomic Weights Appendix C Physical Constants Glossary and Abbreviations 371 Index 379 351 363 366 369