Watershed management for potable water supply : assessing the New York City strategy.

1 THE PROBLEM 23 Evolution of the New York City Watershed Memorandum of Agreement, 25 Key Issues in New York City and Other Water Supplies, 30 National Research Council Study, 33 References, 43 2 THE NEW YORK CITY WATER SUPPLY SYSTEM 45 Brief History of the New York City Water Supply, 45 Description of the New York City Water Supply System, 57 Catskill/Delaware Watershed, 66 References, 85 3 EVOLUTION OF KEY ENVIRONMENTAL LAWS, REGULATIONS, AND POLICIES 88 Global Public Concerns About Drinking Water Safety, 88 Federal Environmental Regulations, 107 Local Environmental Regulations Affecting New York City, 121 References, 126 Contents Copyright © 2003 National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved. Unless otherwise indicated, all materials in this PDF File provided by the National Academies Press (www.nap.edu) for research purposes are copyrighted by the National Academy of Sciences. Distribution, posting, or copying is strictly prohibited without written permission of the NAP. Generated for lgavrila@ub.ro on Tue Aug 26 04:43:53 2003 http://books.nap.edu/catalog/9677.html xii CONTENTS 4 WATERSHED MANAGEMENT FOR SOURCE WATER PROTECTION 130 Goal and Objective Setting, 134 Watershed Inventory and Contaminant Assessment, 136 Development of Protection Strategies, 140 Implementation, 142 Effectiveness Monitoring and Evaluation, 144 Stakeholder Involvement, 153 Conclusion, 155 References, 156 5 SOURCES OF POLLUTION IN THE NEW YORK CITY WATERSHED 158 Pollutants, 158 Point Sources of Pollution, 170 Nonpoint Sources of Pollution, 178 Weighing Point and Nonpoint Sources, 188 Current State of Health of the Watershed and Water Supply, 189 Conclusions, 200 References, 201 6 TOOLS FOR MONITORING AND EVALUATION 206 Water Quality Monitoring Program, 207 Geographic Information Systems, 242 Disease Surveillance and Public Health Protection, 244 Microbial Risk Assessment, 259 References, 273 7 LAND ACQUISITION AND LAND USE PLANNING 279 Land Acquisition, 279 Planning in the Watersheds, 290 References, 311 8 PHOSPHORUS MANAGEMENT POLICIES, ANTIDEGRADATION, AND OTHER MANAGEMENT APPROACHES 314 Total Maximum Daily Load Program, 314 Phosphorus Offset Pilot Program, 339 Antidegradation, 360 Additional Treatment Options, 373 References, 380 Copyright © 2003 National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved. Unless otherwise indicated, all materials in this PDF File provided by the National Academies Press (www.nap.edu) for research purposes are copyrighted by the National Academy of Sciences. Distribution, posting, or copying is strictly prohibited without written permission of the NAP. Generated for lgavrila@ub.ro on Tue Aug 26 04:43:53 2003 http://books.nap.edu/catalog/9677.html CONTENTS xiii 9 NONPOINT SOURCE POLLUTION MANAGEMENT PRACTICES 386 Nonpoint Source Programs, 387 Agriculture in the Catskill/Delaware Watershed, 389 Watershed Forestry Program, 406 Stormwater Pollution Prevention Plans, 416 References, 423 10 SETBACKS AND BUFFER ZONES 427 Structure and Function of Riparian Buffer Zones, 428 Active Management of Buffer Zones, 433 Setbacks in the Catskill/Delaware Watershed, 438 Effectiveness of the MOA Setbacks, 440 Conclusions and Recommendations, 462 References, 464 11 WASTEWATER TREATMENT 468 Analysis of Wastewater Treatment Plants and On-Site Sewage Treatment and Disposal Systems, 469 Long-Term Water Quality Changes, 474 Technology Upgrades and Effluent Standards, 480 Siting Issues, 482 Conclusions and Recommendations, 488 References, 490 12 OVERARCHING ISSUES 492 New Direction for New York City’s Watershed Management Program, 492 Economic Development in the Watershed Region, 501 Balancing Treatment Options and Watershed Management, 505 APPENDIXES Appendix A: Abridged Version of the New York City Memorandum of Agreement, 517 Appendix B: Use Classifications and Water Quality Criteria for New York State, 523 Appendix C: Microbial Risk Assessment Methods, 528 Appendix D: Analysis of Wastewater Treatment Plants and On-Site Sewage Treatment and Disposal Systems, 532 Appendix E: Acronyms, 542 Appendix F: Biographical Information, 545