Mycorrhizas : Anatomy and Cell Biology

Introduction, 1 Root–microorganism interactions are ubiquitous, 1 Mycorrhizal categories, 1 Dark septate fungal endophytes, 2 Microscopy, 2 Organization of book, 2 References, 2 Recent specialized books on mycorrhizas, 3 Box : Mycorrhizas – the most prevalent symbiosis on earth, 4 Chapter 1. Ectomycorrhizas, 5 A. Introduction, 7 1. Definition, 7 2. Plant species involved, 7 3. Fungal species involved, 8 B. Morphology of ectomycorrhizas, 8 C. Mantle, 9 D. Hartig net, 22 E. Extraradical mycelium, 23 F. Specialized ectomycorrhizas – tuberculate mycorrhizas, 38 Box 1: The polyphosphate controversy, 30 Box 2: Are water and nutrients able to pass through the mantle?, 31 Box 3: Root cells may respond to mycorrhizal fungi by developing as transfer cells, 32 Box 4: Can ectomycorrhizal fungi really eat rocks?, 39 Box 5: Growing ectomycorrhizal fungi in the lab, 42 Chapter 2. Ectendomycorrhizas, 43 A. Introduction, 45 1. Definition, 45 2. Plant species involved, 45 3. Fungal species involved, 45 B. Structural characteristics, 45 C. Functions, 54 iv Chapter 3. Arbuscular mycorrhizas, 55 A. Introduction, 57 1. Definition, 57 2. Plant species involved, 57 3. Fungal species involved, 58 B. Intraradical hyphae, 58 C. Arbuscules, 64 D. Intraradical vesicles, 70 E. Extraradical vesicles, 70 F. Extraradical mycelium, 71 G. Spores, 76 Box 6: Do the lower plants have arbuscular mycorrhizas?, 62 Box 7: Use of ‘hairy roots’ in studies with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi, 63 Box 8: Plant mutants help unravel colonization events in arbuscular mycorrhizas, 65 Box 9: What is the nature of the interface between arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi and root cells?, 68 Box 10: Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi harbour intracellular bacteria, 69 Box 11: Dynamic changes in the plant cytoskeleton, 77 Chapter 4. Ericoid mycorrhizas, 81 A. Introduction, 83 1. Definition, 83 2. Plant species involved, 83 3. Fungal species involved, 86 B. Development and structure, 86 C. Extraradical mycelium, 89 D. Functions, 89 Box 12: Liverworts and ericoid species can share common fungal symbionts, 87 Box 13: Investigating the identity of ericoid mycorrhizal fungi, 94 Box 14: Ericoid mycorrhizal fungi access various sources of nitrogen, 95 Chapter 5. Arbutoid mycorrhizas, 97 A. Introduction, 99 1. Definition, 99 2. Plant species involved, 99 3. Fungal species involved, 99 B. Development and structure, 99 C. Functions, 100 v Chapter 6. Monotropoid mycorrhizas, 109 A. Introduction, 111 1. Definition, 111 2. Plant species involved, 111 3. Fungal species involved, 111 B. Development and structure, 112 C. Functions, 113 Chapter 7. Orchid mycorrhizas, 123 A. Introduction, 125 1. Definition, 125 2. Plant species involved, 125 3. Fungal species involved, 125 B. Orchid seed germination and protocorm formation, 130 C. Seedling establishment and mature plants, 131 D. Functioning of orchid mycorrhizas, 131 Box 15: Orchids as ‘cheaters’, 143 Box 16: Mycorrhizal fungi alter the cytology of orchid cells, 144 Chapter 8. Dark septate fungal endophytes, 145 A. Introduction, 147 1. Definition, 147 2. Plant species involved, 147 3. Fungal species involved, 147 B. Colonization of roots, 148 C. Functions, 148 References, 155 Glossary, 163 Appendices, 165