The lit interior

Preface ix Chapter 1. The design medium 1 The process of vision 1 Light mechanics 4 Transmission 5 Refraction 6 Reflection 6 Absorption 7 Physical factors 8 Size 8 Contrast 8 Luminance 8 Time 8 Light quantity 9 Light quality 11 Glare 11 Brightness ratio 12 Diffusion 12 Color rendition 12 The psychology of lighting 13 Summary 16 Exercises 17 Chapter 2. The design tools 19 Lamps – the light source 19 Lamp theory 19 Incandescence 20 Photoluminance 20 Color temperature 22 Color rendering index 23 Contents Lamp – major types 24 Incandescent lamps 24 Standard incandescent lamps 24 Tungsten halogen lamps 26 Infrared reflecting lamps 27 Incandescent lamp benefits 27 Incandescent lamp drawbacks 27 Incandescent lamp uses 28 Fluorescent lamps 28 Rapid start fluorescent lamps 29 Instant start fluorescent lamps 29 High output and very high output fluorescent lamps 30 Compact fluorescent lamps 30 Other fluorescent lamps 30 Fluorescent lamp advantages 31 Fluorescent lamp drawbacks 31 Fluorescent lamp uses 31 High intensity discharge (HID) lamps 32 Mercury vapor lamps 34 Metal halide lamps 35 High pressure sodium lamps 37 Low pressure sodium lamps 39 Ballasts 40 Fluorescent ballasts 40 Magnetic fluorescent ballasts 40 Hybrid fluorescent ballasts 40 Electronic fluorescent ballasts 40 High intensity discharge (HID) ballasts 41 Reactor ballast 41 High reactance autotransformer ballast 42 Constant wattage 42 Constant wattage autotransformer ballast 42 Luminaires 43 Reflectors 43 Shielding and diffusion devices 44 Baffles 45 Diffusers 45 Luminaire housings 46 Luminaire classification 46 Direct illumination 46 Semi-direct illumination 48 Semi-indirect and indirect illumination 48 Luminaire photometric data 49 Lighting calculations 49 vi Contents Zonal cavity calculations 50 Computerized calculations 55 Controls 58 Standards, codes, and design guidelines 58 NFPA-70, The National Electric Code 59 NFPA-101, The Life Safety Code 59 ASHRAE/IES Standard 90.1 59 EPACT 92 62 IES recommended illumination levels 63 Exercises 65 Chapter 3. The design process 67 Ambient lighting 68 Luminaire selection 68 Energy code compliance 80 Task lighting 82 Luminaire selection 83 Accent lighting 87 Lighting for life safety 90 Exercises 93 Chapter 4. Powering and controlling the system 94 Power 94 System voltage 94 Wire sizing 95 Panelboards 95 Load calculations 98 Wiring and raceways 98 Lighting controls 100 Switches 100 Dimmers 102 Contactors 103 Photocells 104 Timers 104 Occupancy sensors 105 Light-sensitive controls 106 Example 106 Exercises 110 Chapter 5. The contract documents 111 The project plans 113 Project specifications 116 Section 16510 – Interior lighting 118 Part 1. General 118 Contents vii Part 2. Products 120 Part 3. Execution 124 Exercises 125 Chapter 6. The second time around – retrofitting 127 The problem 127 The solution 128 Improving luminaire optics 128 Upgrading the ballast 129 Upgrading the lamps 129 Glossary 134 Index 145