Security and loss prevention 4th ed

About the Author ............................ xvii Preface............................................. xix Acknowledgments .......................... xxiii Part I INTRODUCTION TO SECURITY AND LOSS PREVENTION................................... 1 The History of Security and Loss Prevention: A Critical Perspective ................................... 3 OBJECTIVES................................... 3 WHY CRITICAL THINKING? ........... 3 HOW CAN WE THINK CRITICALLY? .................................. 4 WHY THINK CRITICALLY ABOUT THE HISTORY OF SECURITY AND LOSS PREVENTION?................................ 5 SECURITY AND LOSS PREVENTION DEFINED................. 6 HISTORY ......................................... 7 Why Study the History of Security and Loss Prevention?.... 7 EARLY CIVILIZATIONS................... 8 Ancient Greece............................ 9 Ancient Rome .............................. 10 The Middle Ages in Europe ......... 10 MORE CONTEMPORARY TIMES .. 11 England ....................................... 11 Early America .............................. 13 The Growth of Policing ................ 13 The History of Loss Prevention in a Nutshell................................. 13 The Growth of Security Companies .................................. 14 Railroads and Labor Unions........ 17 The Great Wars........................... 18 The Third Wave........................... 18 IT and Physical Security .............. 19 Twenty-First Century Security Challenges .................................. 20 Search the Web........................... 21 CASE PROBLEMS .......................... 21 NOTES............................................. 21 The Business and Careers of Security and Loss Prevention ....... 23 OBJECTIVES................................... 23 WHAT IS THE EXTENT OF LOSSES?......................................... 23 Why Emphasize Both Direct and Indirect Losses? ................... 25 THE SECURITY INDUSTRY ........... 25 What Is the Picture Today? ......... 25 Contract versus Proprietary Security Officers .......................... 27 CAREERS: LOSS PREVENTION SERVICES AND SPECIALISTS ...... 28 Career: Manufacturing Security... 31 The Basic Differences Between Public Police and Private Security ....................................... 31 THE LIMITATIONS OF THE CRIMINAL JUSTICE SYSTEM: ....... 32 IMPLICATIONS FOR LOSS PREVENTION PRACTITIONERS ... 32 CHALLENGES OF THE SECURITY INDUSTRY ................... 32 Cooperation Between Public Police and Private Security ......... 34 Regulation of the Industry ........... 34 The Issue of Privatization ............ 35 The Need for Training ................. 36 Ethics........................................... 37 The False Alarm Problem............ 38 Search the Web........................... 39 CASE PROBLEMS .......................... 39 NOTES............................................. 41 Part II REDUCING THE PROBLEM OF LOSS ....................... 43 Foundations of Security and Loss Prevention ............................ 45 OBJECTIVES................................... 45 THE SECURITY AND LOSS PREVENTION PROFESSION......... 45 Theoretical Foundations .............. 45 Security Periodicals and the Web ............................................. 46 Security Associations .................. 47 METHODS FOR PROTECTION PROGRAMS.................................... 48 Risk Analysis ............................... 48 Planning ...................................... 50 Incomplete Protection Plans........ 53 Critical Thinking for Security Planning ...................................... 56 Maxims of Security ...................... 56 Three Models of Security ............ 56 EVALUATION OF LOSS PREVENTION PROGRAMS............ 57 Research ..................................... 58 Performance Measures ............... 59 STANDARDS................................... 60 PROPRIETARY SECURITY ............ 62 Basics of Organization: The Vocabulary .................................. 62 Basics of Organization: The Practical Management Tools....... 63 What Are the Duties of a Security Manager? ...................... 65 Search the Web........................... 66 CASE PROBLEMS .......................... 66 NOTES............................................. 66 Law ............................................... 69 OBJECTIVES................................... 69 ORIGINS OF LAW........................... 69 Legal Quiz ................................... 70 Cyberlaw ..................................... 71 TORT LAW ...................................... 72 PREMISES PROTECTION AND NEGLIGENCE ................................. 73 Match the Tort ............................. 73 Employee Privacy........................ 75 You Be the Judge........................ 76 CONTRACT LAW ............................ 77 ADMINISTRATIVE LAW.................. 78 Compliance Auditing ................... 78 Federal Sentencing Guidelines ... 79 CRIMINAL JUSTICE PROCEDURE .................................. 80 A Comprehensive Environmental Compliance Program12................................... 80 How Much Power Is in the Hands of Private Security Officers? ...................................... 82 ARREST LAW.................................. 83 Force ........................................... 84 Searches ..................................... 84 Questioning ................................. 85 Call It "Inspection", Not "Search and Seizure" .................. 85 Career: Gaming/Wagering Security ....................................... 86 Search the Web........................... 87 CASE PROBLEMS .......................... 87 THE DECISION FOR "YOU BE THE JUDGE" ................................... 88 NOTES............................................. 88 Internal and External Relations..... 91 OBJECTIVES................................... 91 INTERNAL AND EXTERNAL RELATIONS..................................... 91 Benefits of Good Relations.......... 93 Marketing..................................... 94 International................................. 95 Perspective: Market Research to Improve Crime......................... 95 Prevention ................................... 95 INTERNAL RELATIONS.................. 96 Human Relations on the Job ....... 96 Management Support .................. 97 Orientation and Training Programs..................................... 97 Loss Prevention Meetings ........... 98 Intranet and E-Mail ...................... 98 Involvement Programs ................ 99 EXTERNAL RELATIONS................. 100 Law Enforcement ........................ 100 Public Service Agencies .............. 100 The Community ........................... 101 The Media ................................... 102 External Loss Prevention Peers ........................................... 103 SPECIAL PROBLEMS..................... 103 Prosecution Decisions................. 104 Employees Smoking Marijuana ... 105 Loss Prevention Attire ................. 106 Career: Transportation Security .. 108 Search the Web........................... 108 CASE PROBLEMS .......................... 109 NOTES............................................. 110 Applicant Screening and Employee Socialization................. 113 OBJECTIVES................................... 113 EMPLOYMENT LAW....................... 114 Federal Legislation ...................... 114 U.S. Supreme Court Decisions ... 115 EEO, AA, and Quotas ................. 116 You Be the Judge........................ 117 Facts of the Case ........................ 117 Exactly Who Prosecuted, and Exactly Who Knew about the ...... 117 EEOC Complaint? ....................... 117 Diversity....................................... 118 Sexual Harassment ..................... 119 SCREENING METHODS................. 120 Resumes and Applications .......... 121 Interview ...................................... 122 Tests............................................ 123 Background Investigations .......... 124 History and Controversy: Polygraph and PSE ..................... 125 Employee Polygraph Protection Act of 1988 ................. 126 EMPLOYEE SOCIALIZATION......... 128 Loss Prevention Orientation for New Employees .......................... 128 Hire The Right Person, Not the Wrong One! ................................. 128 Employee Training ...................... 129 Planning Training ........................ 129 Learning Principles ...................... 130 Wasted Training .......................... 131 Examples Set by Superiors ......... 132 Employee Needs ......................... 132 Poor Example Set by Ralph Marks, Loss Prevention Manager ...................................... 133 Career: Utilities Security .............. 134 Search the Web........................... 135 CASE PROBLEMS .......................... 135 THE DECISION FOR .YOU BE THE JUDGEO.................................... 138 Comment..................................... 138 NOTES............................................. 139 Internal Threats and Countermeasures ......................... 141 OBJECTIVES................................... 141 The IT Threat from Within ........... 142 INTERNAL THEFT........................... 143 How Serious Is the Problem?...... 143 Why Do Employees Steal?.......... 145 "Letfs Not Fire Him for Stealing = Hefs a Good Employee" ........... 146 How Do Employees Steal?.......... 147 Possible Indicators of Theft ......... 148 MANAGEMENT COUNTERMEASURES ................... 149 PHYSICAL SECURITY COUNTERMEASURES ................... 153 What Is Integration and Open Architecture? ............................... 153 Access Controls .......................... 155 Locks and Keys ........................... 161 Intrusion Detection Systems........ 171 Interior Sensors ........................... 171 Closed-Circuit Television............. 175 Security Officers .......................... 178 Safes, Vaults, and File Cabinets ...................................... 179 Combination Locks ( These products are tested in accordance with UL 768)............. 181 CASE PROBLEMS .......................... 184 Search the Web........................... 184 NOTES............................................. 184 External Threats and Countermeasures ......................... 187 OBJECTIVES................................... 187 METHODS OF UNAUTHORIZED ENTRY............................................. 188 COUNTERMEASURES ................... 189 Construction and Environmental Security Design ... 190 Perimeter Security ....................... 191 International Perspective: Physical Security Proves Its Value ........................................... 194 Barriers ........................................ 195 Windows ...................................... 198 Doors........................................... 201 Intruding Neighbors ..................... 202 Intrusion Detection Systems........ 204 CCTV........................................... 211 Lighting ........................................ 212 Negligence Caused by Lighting Deficiency.................................... 212 Parking Lot and Vehicle Controls ....................................... 216 Security Officers .......................... 216 Communications and the Control Center ............................. 219 Protective Dogs ........................... 220 International Perspective: UN Efforts at Global Crime Prevention ................................... 221 CASE PROBLEMS .......................... 222 Search the Web........................... 222 NOTES............................................. 223 Services and Systems: Methods Toward Wise Purchasing Decisions ...................................... 225 OBJECTIVES................................... 225 THE DANGERS OF PURCHASING................................. 226 PURCHASING SECURITY SERVICES....................................... 227 Questions When Considering Contract Security Officers ........... 227 International Perspective: Are ChinaIs ........................................ 228 Private ......................................... 228 Security Services......................... 228 Superior to Those of the United States? ........................................ 228 Contract Undercover Investigators ................................ 229 Consultants ................................. 230 Certified Protection Professional................................. 231 PURCHASING SECURITY SYSTEMS........................................ 232 You Be the Judge........................ 232 Questions When Considering a Security System .......................... 233 OUTSOURCING .............................. 234 Career: Security Sales ................ 235 CASE PROBLEM............................. 236 THE DECISION FOR .YOU BE THE JUDGEO.................................... 236 NOTES............................................. 236 Search the Web........................... 236 Investigations ................................ 239 OBJECTIVES................................... 239 TYPES OF INVESTIGATIONS ........ 240 Proprietary and Contract Investigations .............................. 241 Private and Public Investigations .............................. 242 Overt and Undercover Private Investigations .............................. 242 Accident at Hardy Furniture Plant ............................................ 243 Undercover Investigation of Missing Shirts .............................. 244 Investigator and Auditor .............. 245 Important Considerations ............ 246 LAW ................................................. 246 International Perspective: Overseas Investigations .............. 247 INTERVIEWING AND INTERROGATION........................... 248 Polygraph: Proper Testing Procedures under the EPPA ....... 250 INFORMATION SOURCES ............. 252 Legal Restrictions When Collecting Information.................. 253 The Internet as a Liability and an Asset ...................................... 254 IDENTITY THEFT ............................ 255 INVESTIGATIVE LEADS ................. 256 SURVEILLANCE.............................. 258 INFORMATION ACCURACY........... 259 REPORT WRITING ......................... 260 TESTIMONY.................................... 261 Search the Web........................... 261 CASE PROBLEMS .......................... 264 NOTES............................................. 264 Accounting, Accountability, and Auditing: Keys to Survival ............. 267 OBJECTIVES................................... 267 ACCOUNTING................................. 268 ACCOUNTABILITY.......................... 270 Evidence Collection and Presentation ................................ 270 Cashier Operations ..................... 271 Purchasing .................................. 271 Inventory...................................... 274 AUDITING........................................ 276 Certified Public Accountants ....... 277 Fraud ........................................... 277 Loss Prevention Auditing............. 279 IT Staffers Influenced to Go Bad11 .......................................... 279 Computerization .......................... 280 Search the Web........................... 280 CASE PROBLEMS .......................... 281 NOTES............................................. 281 Fires and Other Disasters ............. 283 OBJECTIVES................................... 283 THE PROBLEM POSED BY FIRE... 283 Private Organizations Involved in Fire Safety ............................... 283 Fire Department Prevention Efforts .......................................... 285 FIRE PREVENTION AND FIRE SUPPRESSION STRATEGIES ....... 288 Fire Prevention Strategies ........... 288 Fire Suppression Strategies ........ 293 Haphazard Fire Protection at Bestbuy Service Company .......... 293 An Angry Ex-EmployeeIs Revenge ...................................... 296 Integrating Fire and Security Systems....................................... 301 Performance-Based Design ........ 301 Inspection, Testing, and Maintenance................................ 301 OTHER DISASTERS ....................... 302 Constructed Disasters ................. 302 Natural Disasters......................... 306 Emergency Planning and Disaster Recovery ....................... 307 International Perspective: The U.S. View of Hazards: ................. 308 Thoughts from Europe20............. 308 Federal Emergency Management Agency .................. 309 CASE PROBLEMS .......................... 310 Search the Web........................... 310 NOTES............................................. 311 Safety............................................ 313 OBJECTIVES................................... 313 ACCIDENT STATISTICS AND COSTS............................................. 313 Confined Area Entry .................... 314 Hazards ....................................... 315 HISTORY OF SAFETY LEGISLATION ................................. 315 Workersf Compensation .............. 316 The Development of OSHA......... 317 Objectives of OSHA .................... 318 The Actfs Jurisdiction .................. 318 OSHA Standards......................... 318 OSHA Record Keeping and Reporting..................................... 320 Additional OSHA Employer Responsibilities ........................... 321 OSHA Inspections ....................... 322 OSHA: Criticism and Controversy ................................. 323 Ergonomics ................................. 324 Assistance with Problems ........... 325 SAFETY STRATEGIES ................... 325 Safety and Health Committee ..... 326 Socialization ................................ 326 Investigations .............................. 327 The Dangers of Safety Incentive Programs18 ................. 327 Harry Nash, Machinist, Is Injured Again ............................... 328 Additional Safety Measures......... 329 Search the Web........................... 329 CASE PROBLEMS .......................... 330 NOTES............................................. 330 Risk Management and Insurance ...................................... 333 OBJECTIVES................................... 333 RISK MANAGEMENT...................... 333 The Role of the Risk Manager..... 334 International Perspective: Risk Management in a Multinational Business ...................................... 336 INSURANCE.................................... 337 Types of Insurance...................... 338 Crime Insurance and Bonds........ 339 You Be the Judge #1 ................... 341 Fire Insurance ............................. 342 Property and Liability Insurance..................................... 343 Claims ......................................... 344 RIMS Benchmark Survey and Repricing Risk After the September 11, 2001 Terrorist Attack .......................................... 344 You Be the Judge #2 ................... 345 Claims for Crime Losses ............. 347 Search the Web........................... 348 CASE PROBLEM............................. 349 THE DECISION FOR "YOU BE THE JUDGE #1" .............................. 349 THE DECISION FOR "YOU BE THE JUDGE #2" .............................. 349 NOTES............................................. 350 Part III SPECIALIZED PROBLEMS IN LOSS PREVENTION................................... 351 Retail Loss Prevention.................. 353 OBJECTIVES................................... 353 SHRINKAGE.................................... 353 Human Resources Problems in Retailing ...................................... 354 INTERNAL LOSS PREVENTION STRATEGIES .................................. 355 Preventing Losses at the Checkout Counter ....................... 357 Refunds and Repair Service ....... 358 Bad Checks and Credit Card Losses ......................................... 360 International Perspective: Refund Fraud in Australia............ 360 Credit ........................................... 363 E-Business .................................. 364 Counterfeiting .............................. 365 SHOPLIFTING................................. 366 Kinds of Shoplifters: Understanding ............................. 366 Motivational Factors .................... 366 Shoplifting Techniques ................ 367 Prevention and Reduction of Shoplifting through People .......... 369 Prevention and Reduction of Shoplifting through ...................... 372 Devices........................................ 372 International Perspective: What Deters Shoplifters? ...................... 377 Confronting the Shoplifter............ 378 ROBBERY AND BURGLARY .......... 382 Robbery Countermeasures ......... 383 Security Manager Looks Bad ...... 384 Burglary Countermeasures ......... 385 SHOPPING MALL STRATEGIES.... 386 Career: Retail Security ................ 386 CASE PROBLEMS .......................... 387 NOTES............................................. 387 Search the Web ............................... 387 Loss Prevention at Select Facilities ........................................ 389 OBJECTIVES................................... 389 COMPUTER FACILITIES ................ 389 Cybercrime .................................. 389 Cyberwarfare ............................... 390 Techniques of Cybercriminals ..... 391 IT Security ................................... 392 Misuse and Errors ....................... 396 Inside the Mind of an IT Security Professional ................... 396 Fire Protection ............................. 397 Prevention of Disasters ............... 398 NUCLEAR FACILITIES.................... 399 Nuclear Security .......................... 399 DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE REQUIRED SECURITY ................... 401 Portal of the Future...................... 401 Search the Web........................... 403 CASE PROBLEMS .......................... 404 NOTES............................................. 404 Loss Prevention at Select Institutions..................................... 407 OBJECTIVES................................... 407 EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTIONS ..... 407 Problems and Losses at Educational Institutions ............... 407 Countermeasures........................ 409 School Districts............................ 410 Colleges and Universities ............ 413 Fire Protection at Educational Institutions ................................... 414 HEALTHCARE INSTITUTIONS....... 416 Loss Prevention at Virginia Tech ............................................ 416 Strategies for Healthcare Institutions ................................... 417 Healthcare Violence and OSHA Guidelines ........................ 420 Fire and Other Disasters ............. 423 BANKS AND FINANCIAL INSTITUTIONS ................................ 425 Career: Healthcare Security ........ 425 Regulation H................................ 426 Robbery ....................................... 427 Kidnapping and Extortion ............ 428 Online Risks, Embezzlement, and Fraud .................................... 429 Automatic Teller Machines .......... 430 GOVERNMENT INSTITUTIONS ..... 430 CASE PROBLEMS .......................... 432 Search the Web ............................... 432 NOTES............................................. 433 Topics of Concern......................... 435 OBJECTIVES................................... 435 PROTECTION OF SENSITIVE INFORMATION................................ 435 Corporate Intelligence Gathering:.................................... 436 Putting It in Perspective............... 436 Espionage Techniques................ 437 Countermeasures........................ 439 COMMUNICATIONS SECURITY .... 442 Electronic Surveillance and Wiretapping ................................. 443 Countermeasures........................ 445 Economic Espionage Act of 1996 ............................................ 447 TERRORISM ................................... 448 Terrorism Defined........................ 448 History ......................................... 448 Seven Fronts Against Terrorism..................................... 449 Business and Organizational....... 451 Countermeasures Against Terrorism..................................... 451 HOW TO HANDLE ANTHRAX AND OTHER BIOLOGICAL AGENT THREATS........................... 454 Do Not Panic ............................... 455 Suspicious Unopened Letter or Package Marked with Threatening Message Such as "Anthrax" ..................................... 455 Envelope with Powder and Powder Spills Out Onto Surface: ....................................... 455 Question of Room Contamination by Aerosolization .............................. 456 International Perspective: How Is Terrorism Handled in Other Countries? ................................... 456 EXECUTIVE PROTECTION ............ 457 Planning ...................................... 457 Education and Training ............... 458 General Protection Strategies ..... 459 If Abduction Occurs ..................... 463 Maximize Technology.................. 463 SUBSTANCE ABUSE...................... 464 Countermeasures........................ 465 Alcoholism................................... 467 Types of Substances and Abuse .......................................... 468 WORKPLACE VIOLENCE............... 470 CASE PROBLEMS .......................... 473 Search the Web ............................... 473 NOTES............................................. 474 Your Future in Security and Loss Prevention ............................ 477 OBJECTIVES................................... 477 SECURITY AND LOSS PREVENTION IN THE FUTURE ..... 477 TRENDS AFFECTING SECURITY AND LOSS PREVENTION.................................. 479 EDUCATION.................................... 483 Loss Prevention Education: Today and Tomorrow .................. 483 Academic Research .................... 483 Training ....................................... 484 The Concept of the Security Institute ........................................ 485 EMPLOYMENT................................ 485 Sources of Employment Information .................................. 486 Career Advice.............................. 488 CASE PROBLEMS .......................... 489 Search the Web ............................... 489 NOTES............................................. 490 Index ............................................. 491