The massage connection anatomy and physiology

Contents Levels of Organization CHEMICAL LEVEL OF ORGANIZATION CELLULAR LEVEL OF ORGANIZATION TISSUE LEVEL OF ORGANIZATION Effects of Age on Tissue Implications for Bodyworkers CHAPTER 2 Integumentary System......................................................,, Functions of the Skin Structure of the Skin THE EPIDERMIS THE DERMIS NERVE SUPPLY TO THE SKIN BLOOD CIRCULATION IN THE SKIN Skin and Temperature Control Variation in Skin Color BLOOD FLOW AND SKIN COLOR CHANGES PIGMENTATION OF SKIN BY CAROTENE SUBCUTANEOUS LAYER, OR HYPODERMIS ACCESSORY STRUCTURES Absorption Through the Skin Microorganisms on the Skin Inflammation and Healing COMMON CAUSES OF INFLAMMATION CARDINAL SIGNS OF INFLAMMATION SYMPTOMS ACCOMPANYING INFLAMMATION RESOLUTION OF INFLAMMATION EXUDATIVE INFLAMMATION CHRONIC INFLAMMATION HEALING AND REPAIR xviii Contents Effects of Aging on the Integumentary System Integumentary System and Bodyworkers MASSAGE TECHNIQUES AND THE EFFECTS ON THE BODY EFFECT OF HEAT ON SKIN EFFECT OF COLD ON SKIN WATER AND SKIN BODY WRAPS AND SKIN SKIN LESIONS AND BODYWORKERS CHAPTER 3 Skeletal System and Joints................................................,, The Skeletal System BONE FUNCTIONS STRUCTURE AND FORMATION OF BONE BONE REMODELING PARTS OF A LONG BONE TYPES OF BONES The Human Skeleton The Axial Skeleton THE SKULL BONES OF THE FACE THE MANDIBLE THE VERTEBRAL COLUMN THE THORAX The Appendicular Skeleton PECTORAL GIRDLE AND THE UPPER LIMBS THE PELVIC GIRDLE AND LOWER LIMBS THE PELVIC GIRDLE Joints JOINT CLASSIFICATIONS STABILITY OF SYNOVIAL JOINTS MOVEMENT ACROSS THE JOINTS CLASSIFICATION OF SYNOVIAL JOINTS Contents xix Individual Joints TEMPOROMANDIBULAR JOINT (TMJ) INTERVERTEBRAL ARTICULATION RIB CAGE ARTICULATIONS Joints of the Pectoral Girdle and Upper Limb THE STERNOCLAVICULAR JOINT ACROMIOCLAVICULAR JOINT GLENOHUMERAL JOINT THE ELBOW JOINT DISTAL (INFERIOR) RADIOULNAR JOINT MIDDLE RADIOULNAR JOINT JOINTS OF THE WRIST AND HAND THE WRIST JOINT (RADIOCARPAL JOINT) OTHER JOINTS OF THE HANDS Joints of the Pelvic Girdle and Lower Limbs SACROILIAC JOINT THE HIP JOINT THE KNEE JOINT TIBIOFIBULAR JOINT (PROXIMAL AND DISTAL) THE ANKLE JOINT AND JOINTS OF THE FOOT ARCHES OF THE FOOT Age-Related Changes on the Skeletal System and Joints The Skeletal System, Joints, and Massage CHAPTER 4 Muscular System ..........................................................................,, Muscle Tissue and Physiology of Muscle Contraction STRUCTURE OF SKELETAL MUSCLE THE MYOFILAMENT: THE SPECIALIZED PROTEINS OF MYOFIBRILS SLIDING FILAMENT MECHANISM CHARACTERISTICS OF WHOLE MUSCLE CONTRACTION MUSCLE TONE MUSCLE SPINDLES xx Contents TENDON ORGANS OTHER PROPRIOCEPTORS ISOTONIC AND ISOMETRIC CONTRACTIONS Muscle Energetics AEROBIC METABOLISM ANAEROBIC METABOLISM EFFICIENCY OF MUSCLE WORK MUSCLE RECOVERY MUSCLE FATIGUE MUSCLE PERFORMANCE MUSCLES AND HORMONES A Summary of the Role of CNS in Muscle Function Control Physical Conditioning EXERCISE TRAINING PRINCIPLES ADAPTATION TO TRAINING FACTORS AFFECTING RESPONSE TO TRAINING METHODS OF TRAINING EFFECT OF OVERTRAINING TRAINING DURING PREGNANCY MUSCLE ATROPHY Cardiac, Smooth, and Skeletal Muscle CARDIAC MUSCLE SMOOTH MUSCLE Muscle Terminology and Major Muscles of the Body MUSCLE TERMINOLOGY NAMES OF MUSCLES Origin and Insertion of Muscles THE AXIAL MUSCULATURE THE APPENDICULAR MUSCULATURE MUSCLES OF THE LOWER LIMB Contents xxi Muscular System and Aging Muscular System and Massage CHAPTER 5 Nervous System ...............................................................,, Organization of the Nervous System STRUCTURE OF THE NEURON THE SYNAPSE CLASSIFICATION OF NEURONS NEUROGLIA PRODUCTION AND PROPAGATION OF IMPULSES DIFFERENCES IN PROPAGATION OF ACTION POTENTIAL IN MYELINATED AND UNMYELINATED AXONS SYNAPTIC TRANSMISSION EXAMPLES OF NEUROTRANSMITTERS ELECTRICAL SYNAPSES SUMMATION FACTORS THAT AFFECT NEURAL FUNCTION FUNCTIONAL ORGANIZATION OF NEURONS STANDARD TERMS AND GROUPING REGENERATION AND DEGENERATION OF NEURONS Sensory Nervous System SENSE ORGANS AND INITIATION OF IMPULSES CUTANEOUS RECEPTORS AN OVERVIEW OF ELECTRICAL AND IONIC EVENTS IN RECEPTORS PERCEPTION OF SENSATIONS THE SPINAL CORD, SPINAL NERVES, AND DERMATOMES ANATOMIC STRUCTURE OF THE SPINAL CORD DISTRIBUTION OF SPINAL NERVES NERVE PLEXUS REFLEXES MONOSYNAPTIC REFLEX: THE STRETCH REFLEX MUSCLE SPINDLE RECIPROCAL INNERVATION INVERSE STRETCH REFLEX xxii Contents POLYSYNAPTIC REFLEXES: WITHDRAWAL REFLEX THE FINAL COMMON PATH INPUT TO MOTOR NEURONS PATHWAYS OF CUTANEOUS AND VISCERAL SENSATIONS DIRECT PATHWAY OF FINE TOUCH AND PROPRIOCEPTION SENSES DIRECT PATHWAY OF PAIN AND TEMPERATURE (AND REMAINING FIBERS OF TOUCH) SENSES REPRESENTATION OF THE BODY IN THE CEREBRAL CORTEX The Brain and Brain Divisions THE CEREBRUM INTEGRATIVE CENTERS RIGHT AND LEFT HEMISPHERE SPECIALIZATIONS THE LIMBIC SYSTEM THE THALAMUS THE HYPOTHALAMUS THE BRAINSTEM: MIDBRAIN, PONS, AND MEDULLA Cranial Nerves OLFACTORY NERVE (CRANIAL NERVE I) TRIGEMINAL NERVE (CRANIAL NERVE V) FACIAL NERVE (CRANIAL NERVE VII) VESTIBULOCOCHLEAR NERVE (CRANIAL NERVE VIII) VAGUS (CRANIAL NERVE X) Control of Posture and Movement GENERAL PRINCIPLES OF THE CONTROL OF VOLUNTARY MOVEMENTS THE MOTOR CORTEX LESIONS AND MUSCLE TONE OTHER POSTURE-REGULATING SYSTEMS BASAL GANGLIA CEREBELLUM VESTIBULAR APPARATUS MOTOR SYSTEM LESIONS RETICULAR ACTIVATING SYSTEM AND AROUSAL MECHANISMS LEARNING AND MEMORY Contents xxiii MENINGES, CEREBROSPINAL FLUID, AND ITS CIRCULATION BLOOD SUPPLY TO THE BRAIN The Autonomic Nervous System THE SYMPATHETIC DIVISION THE PARASYMPATHETIC DIVISION NEUROTRANSMITTERS OF SYMPATHETIC AND PARASYMPATHETIC DIVISIONS THE SYMPATHETIC SYSTEM AND THE ADRENAL MEDULLA GENERAL PATTERN OF RESPONSE PRODUCED BY THE SYMPATHETIC AND PARASYMPATHETIC SYSTEMS CONTROL OF AUTONOMIC FUNCTION Age-Related Changes in the Nervous System VISION HEARING TASTE AND SMELL AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM IMPLICATION FOR BODYWORKERS Bodyworkers and the Nervous System CHAPTER 6 Endocrine System.............................................................,, General Properties of Hormones RECOGNITION OF HORMONES BY CELLS CHEMICAL STRUCTURE OF HORMONES STIMULI FOR HORMONE SECRETION CIRCULATING AND LOCAL HORMONES TRANSPORT AND DESTRUCTION OF HORMONES HORMONE ACTIONS Control of the Endocrine Glands The Endocrine Glands THE HYPOTHALAMUS THE PITUITARY GLAND (HYPOPHYSIS) THE THYROID GLAND xxiv Contents PARATHYROID GLANDS ADRENAL GLANDS PINEAL GLAND ENDOCRINE FUNCTION OF THE PANCREAS TESTIS, OVARIES, AND PLACENTA THE ENDOCRINE FUNCTION OF THE KIDNEYS THE ENDOCRINE FUNCTION OF THE HEART THYMUS DIGESTIVE TRACT THE ENDOCRINE FUNCTION OF ADIPOSE TISSUE Age-Related Changes in the Endocrine System Endocrine System and Massage STRESS AND BODYWORKERS CHAPTER 7 Reproductive System........................................................,, Genetic Sex, Fetal Development, and Puberty GENETIC SEX FETAL DEVELOPMENT PUBERTY The Male Reproductive System THE TESTIS THE VAS DEFERENS ACCESSORY GLANDS SEMEN PENIS ENDOCRINE FUNCTION OF THE TESTIS The Female Reproductive System THE OVARIES THE UTERINE TUBES (FALLOPIAN TUBES; OVIDUCT) THE UTERUS THE VAGINA THE EXTERNAL GENITALIA Contents xxv THE MENSTRUAL CYCLE THE PHYSIOLOGY OF SEXUAL INTERCOURSE (IN BRIEF) CONTRACEPTION (STRATEGIES FOR BIRTH CONTROL) Pregnancy DEVELOPMENT OF THE FETUS MATERNAL CHANGES IN PREGNANCY LABOR LACTATION AGE-RELATED CHANGES IN THE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM MASSAGE AND THE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM CHAPTER 8 Cardiovascular System.....................................................,, Blood FORMATION OF BLOOD CELLS RED BLOOD CELLS BLOOD TYPES WHITE BLOOD CELLS (LEUKOCYTES) PLATELETS HEMOSTASIS THE CLOTTING MECHANISM ANTICLOTTING MECHANISMS PLASMA Heart and Circulation AN OVERVIEW OF CIRCULATION FACTORS AFFECTING CARDIAC OUTPUT Blood Vessels and Circulation STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION OF BLOOD VESSELS MAJOR SYSTEMIC ARTERIES SYSTEMIC VEINS Dynamics of Blood Flow BLOOD PRESSURE PERIPHERAL RESISTANCE xxvi Contents Regulation of the Cardiovascular System LOCAL MECHANISMS NEURAL MECHANISMS ENDOCRINE MECHANISMS COMPENSATIONS MADE BY THE CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM TO EFFECTS OF GRAVITY, EXERCISE, SHOCK, AND CARDIAC FAILURE Effect of Aging on the Cardiovascular System HEART BLOOD VESSELS BLOOD EFFECT OF REGULAR EXERCISE Massage and the Cardiovascular System CHAPTER 9 Lymphatic System ............................................................,, Body Fluid Compartments PHYSICAL FORCES THAT CAUSE MOVEMENT OF FLUID BETWEEN COMPARTMENTS EDEMA The Lymphatic System FUNCTIONS OF THE LYMPHATIC SYSTEM COMPONENTS OF THE LYMPHATIC SYSTEM DRAINAGE ROUTE OF LYMPH Massage and the Lymphatic System MASSAGE AND LYMPHEDEMA MASSAGE AND LOCALIZED SWELLING CANCER AND MASSAGE Immunity NONSPECIFIC IMMUNITY SPECIFIC IMMUNITY LYMPHOCYTES IMMUNIZATION ABNORMALITIES OF THE IMMUNE SYSTEM Contents xxvii The Lymphatic System, Immunity, and Aging Basic Concepts of Health and Disease Immunity and Massage CHAPTER 10 Respiratory System...........................................................,, Function of the Respiratory System The Anatomy of the Respiratory System UPPER RESPIRATORY TRACT LOWER RESPIRATORY TRACT THE PULMONARY CIRCULATION THE LUNGS THE PLEURA Mechanics of Respiration EXTERNAL RESPIRATION RESPIRATION MUSCLES BREATHING PATTERNS, RESPIRATORY VOLUMES, AND CAPACITIES Gas Exchange TRANSPORT OF GASES Regulation of Respiration AUTOREGULATION IN TISSUE AUTOREGULATION IN LUNGS RESPIRATORY CONTROL SYSTEM OF THE BRAIN CHEMICAL CONTROL OF RESPIRATION OTHER MECHANISMS THAT CONTROL RESPIRATION Effect of Exercise on the Respiratory System Effect of Cold on the Respiratory System Effect of Aging on the Respiratory System Respiratory System and Massage xxviii Contents CHAPTER 11 Digestive System ..............................................................,, Functions of Gastrointestinal System Components of the Gastrointestinal System Walls of the Digestive Tract MUCOSA SUBMUCOSA MUSCULARIS SEROSA Peritoneum MESENTERY AND OMENTUM Movement in the Digestive Tract Factors Controlling Digestive Function An Overview of Nutrition Functions of Important Nutrients PROTEINS/AMINO ACIDS CARBOHYDRATES FAT VITAMINS OTHER NUTRIENTS Regulation of Food Intake Blood Supply to the Digestive Tract The Structure and Function of Individual Organs of the Digestive System THE MOUTH AND ASSOCIATED STRUCTURES SALIVARY GLANDS AND SALIVA PHARYNX ESOPHAGUS STOMACH SMALL INTESTINE Contents xxix THE PANCREAS THE LIVER GALLBLADDER ABSORPTION IN THE SMALL INTESTINE THE LARGE INTESTINE Movement in the Colon and Defecation Digestion and Absorption of Food in the Gut CARBOHYDRATE DIGESTION AND ABSORPTION LIPID DIGESTION AND ABSORPTION PROTEIN DIGESTION AND ABSORPTION WATER ABSORPTION ELECTROLYTE (IONS) ABSORPTION VITAMIN ABSORPTION Metabolism CARBOHYDRATE METABOLISM LIPID METABOLISM PROTEIN METABOLISM Basal Metabolic Rate REGULATION OF METABOLIC RATE Age-Related Changes in the Gastrointestinal System ORAL CAVITY ESOPHAGUS STOMACH SMALL INTESTINE LARGE INTESTINE PANCREAS LIVER The Gastrointestinal System and Bodywork xxx Contents CHAPTER 12 Urinary System ..................................................................................,, Functions of the Urinary System Components of the Urinary System THE KIDNEYS Urine Formation REGULATION OF BODY FLUIDS—THE PROCESS OF CONCENTRATING AND DILUTING URINE REGULATION OF PH THE COMPOSITION OF URINE Transportation and Elimination of Urine THE URETER THE URINARY BLADDER THE URETHRA Urination or Micturition Age-Related Changes in the Genitourinary System KIDNEYS URETERS URINARY BLADDER AND URETHRA RELEVANCE TO BODYWORKERS Bodyworkers and the Urinary System Contents xxxi 1 CHAPTER Introduction Objectives On completion of this chapter, the reader should be able to: , Define anatomy and physiology and identify some of the subdivisions. , Identify word roots, prefixes, and suffixes and combining forms. , List the organizational levels of the body. , List the major organ systems of the body and explain the function of each system. , Describe the anatomic position. , Identify the abdominal regions and quadrants. , Identify the organs located in each abdominal region. , Define the principal directional terms and body planes. , Name the cavities of the body and identify the major organs contained in each cavity. , Differentiate intracellular, extracellular, interstitial, and intravascular body fluids. , Define homeostasis. , Identify the components of a feedback system. , Describe how a physiologic feedback mechanism maintains homeostasis. , Differentiate between positive and negative feedback mechanisms; give examples of each. , Define atoms and molecules. , Describe the different chemical reactions. , Define enzymes and explain their functions. , List the factors that affect enzyme activity. , Define pH. , Define buffers. Provide examples of buffer systems in the body. , Distinguish between organic and inorganic compounds and provide examples for both compound types. , Give