Protostomes [clam, sand, and tubeworms to articulate lampshells. Index Vol 2]

Foreword ............................................................................ viii How to use this book ........................................................ x Advisory board ................................................................... xiii Contributing writers .......................................................... xv Contributing illustrators.................................................... xvii Volume 2: Protostomes What is a protostome? ...................................................... 3 Evolution and systematics ................................................. 7 Reproduction, development, and life history ................... 15 Ecology............................................................................... 25 Symbiosis............................................................................ 31 Behavior.............................................................................. 35 Protostomes and humans .................................................. 41 Phylum ANNELIDA Class POLYCHAETA................................................ 45 Class MYZOSTOMIDA............................................ 59 Class OLIGOCHAETA............................................. 65 Class HIRUDINIDA.................................................. 75 Class POGONOPHORA........................................... 85 Phylum VESTIMENTIFERA.......................................... 91 Phylum SIPUNCULA ...................................................... 97 Phylum ECHIURA ........................................................... 103 Phylum ONYCHOPHORA............................................. 109 Phylum TARDIGRADA................................................... 115 Phylum ARTHROPODA Subphylum CRUSTACEA Class REMIPEDIA..................................................... 125 Class CEPHALOCARIDA ........................................ 131 Class BRANCHIOPODA Order ANOSTRACA................................................. 135 Order NOTOSTRACA ............................................. 141 Order CONCHOSTRACA....................................... 147 Order CLADOCERA................................................. 153 Class MALACOSTRACA Subclass PHYLLOCARIDA...................................... 161 Subclass EUMALACOSTRACA Order STOMATOPODA.......................................... 167 Order BATHYNELLACEA...................................... 177 Order ANASPIDACEA.............................................. 181 Order EUPHAUSIACEA .......................................... 185 Order AMPHIONIDACEA....................................... 195 Order DECAPODA................................................... 197 Order MYSIDA .......................................................... 215 Order LOPHOGASTRIDA ...................................... 225 Order CUMACEA ..................................................... 229 Order TANAIDACEA............................................... 235 Order MICTACEA.................................................... 241 Order SPELAEOGRIPHACEA................................ 243 Order THERMOSBAENACEA ............................... 245 Order ISOPODA........................................................ 249 Order AMPHIPODA................................................. 261 Class MAXILLOPODA Subclass THECOSTRACA ....................................... 273 Subclass TANTULOCARIDA.................................. 283 Subclass BRANCHIURA........................................... 289 Subclass MYSTACOCARIDA................................... 295 Subclass COPEPODA................................................ 299 Subclass OSTRACODA............................................. 311 Class PENTASTOMIDA................................................. 317 Subphylum CHELICERIFORMES Class PYCNOGONIDA............................................ 321 Class CHELICERATA Subclass MEROSTOMATA...................................... 327 Subclass ARACHNIDA.............................................. 333 Subphylum UNIRAMIA Class MYRIAPODA Subclass CHILOPODA ............................................. 353 Subclass DIPLOPODA.............................................. 363 Subclass SYMPHYLA ................................................ 371 Subclass PAUROPODA............................................. 375 Phylum MOLLUSCA Class APLACOPHORA............................................. 379 Grzimek’s Animal Life Encyclopedia v • • • • • Contents Class MONOPLACOPHORA.................................. 387 Class POLYPLACOPHORA..................................... 393 Class GASTROPODA Subclass OPISTHOBRANCHIA.............................. 403 Subclass PULMONATA............................................ 411 Order PATELLOGASTROPODA.................... 423 Superorder VETIGASTROPODA ........................... 429 Order COCCULINIFORMIA........................... 435 Order NERITOPSINA....................................... 439 Order CAENOGASTROPODA........................ 445 Class BIVALVIA................................................................ 451 Class SCAPHOPODA ...................................................... 469 Class CEPHALOPODA................................................... 475 Phylum PHORONIDA..................................................... 491 Phylum ECTOPROCTA Class PHYLACTOLAEMATA................................. 497 Class STENOLAEMATA ......................................... 503 Class GYMNOLAEMATA........................................ 509 Phylum BRACHIOPODA Class INARTICULATA............................................ 515 Class ARTICULATA................................................. 521 For further reading ............................................................ 529 Organizations ..................................................................... 534 Contributors to the first edition ....................................... 535 Glossary.............................................................................. 542 Protostomes order list ....................................................... 548 Geologic time scale............................................................ 550 Index ................................................................................... 551 vi