Safe use of oxygen and oxygen systems : guidelines for oxygen system design, materials selection, operations, storage, and transportation

CONTENTS Lists of Tables and Figures vi Nomenclature viii Trademarks xi Chapter 1—Basic Oxygen Safety Guidelines 1 Organizational Policies and Procedures 1 Personnel Training 1 Basic Principles for the Safe Use of Oxygen 2 Warning Systems and Controls 2 Safety Reviews 2 Waivers 3 Chapter 2—Properties and Hazards of Oxygen 4 Properties 4 Handling Hazards 4 Ignition Mechanisms 4 Hazards Analysis 6 Oxygen Purity 7 Chapter 3—Materials Selection 8 Genera] 8 Materials Control 8 Nonmetallic Materials 9 Metallic Materials 11 Chapter 4—^Design Principles 14 Design Approach 14 Design for High-Pressure and High-Temperature Oxygen Systems 14 Design for Cryogenic Oxygen Systems 18 Code Design Requirements 19 Chapter 5—Cleaning 24 General 24 Cleaning Safety 25 Cleaning Procedures 25 Clean Assembly of Components and Systems 28 Record Keeping 29 vi CONTENTS Chapter 6—Operating Procedures 30 General Guidelines 30 Personnel 30 Cooldown and Loading Procedures 31 Examinations 31 Chapter 7—^Facility Planning and Implementation 32 General 32 Hazards and Reviews 32 Storage Systems 33 Storage Vessels 34 Fire Protection Systems for Oxygen-Enriched Environments 34 Barricades 35 Quantity-Distance Guidelines for Bulk LOX Storage for Non-propellant Use 36 Quantity-Distance Guidelines for Bulk LOX Storage for Propellant Use 36 Oxygen Detection 39 Venting and Disposal Systems 42 Chapter 8—Transportation 43 General 43 Transport on Public Thoroughfares 43 Transport on Site Controlled Thoroughfares 44 Transportation Emergencies 45 Chapter 9—Emergency Procedures 46 Types of Emergencies 46 Emergency Assistance Plans and Procedures 47 Fire-Fighting Techniques 47 References 48 Appendices 51 A—Chemical and Physical Properties 51 B—Materials Testing Methods and Test Data 53 C—Design Examples 67 D—Pressure Vessels—Testing, Inspection, and Recertification 74 E—Codes, Regulations, and Guidelines Listing 76 F—Scaling Laws, Explosions, Blasts, and Fragments 80 G—Organizational Policies and Procedures; Project Management; Design, Safety, Operational, and Hazard Reviews 83 H—Glossary 93 Subject Index 97 List of Tables Table 1—Some potential ignition sources of fuel-oxygen mixtures. 5 Table 2—Typical maximum allowable particles for various cleaning levels. 27 Table 3—Typical nonvolatile residue (NVR) level specifications. 28 CONTENTS vii Table 4—Quantity-distance requirements for nonpropellant bulk oxygen storage systems located outdoors. 37 Table 5—Safe quantity-distance relationships for LOX storage (Hazard Group II). 38 Table 6—Liquid propellant explosive equivalents. 39 Table 7—Separation distances for liquid hydrogen-LOX propellant combination. 40 Table 8—Factors for blast effects. 41 Table 9—Intraline distances for liquid hydrogen-LOX propellant combination. 41 List of Figures Fig. 1—Material safety logic. 7