Experiments with people : revelations from social psychology

Introduction xi 1 Strangers to Ourselves: The Shortcomings 1 of Introspection Nisbett, R. E., & Bellows, N. (1977). Verbal reports about causal influences on social judgments: Private access versus public theories. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 35, 613-624. 2 Mythical Memories: Reconstructing the Past in the Present 14 McFarland, C, Ross, M., & DeCourville, N. (1993). Women's theories of menstruation and biases in recall of menstrual symptoms. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 65, 1093-1104. 3 Tahing the Edge Off Adversity: The Psychological 29 Immune System Gilbert, D. T., Pinel, E. C., Wilson, T. D., Blumberg, S. J., & Wheatley, T P. (1998). Immune neglect: A source of durability bias in affective forecasting. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 75, 617-638. 4 Believing Is Seeing: Partisan Perceptions of Media Bias 41 Vallone, R. P., Ross, L, & Lepper, M. R. (1985). The hostile media phenomenon: Biased perception and perceptions of media bias coverage of the "Beirut Massacre." Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 49, 577-585. 5 Frames of Mind: Taking Risks or Playing Safe? 52 Rothman, A. J., Martino, S. C., Bedell, B. T, Detweiler, J. B., & Salovey, R (1999). The systematic influence of gain- and loss- framed messages on interest in and use of different types of health behavior. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 25, 1355-1369. v vi CONTENTS 6 Clashing Cognitions: When Actions Prompt Attitudes 64 Festinger, L, & Carlsmith, J. (1959). Cognitive consequences of forced compliance. Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 58, 203-10. 7 Baptism of Fire: When Suffering Leads to Liking 79 Aronson, E., & Mills, J. (1959). The effect of severity of initiation on liking for a group. Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 59, 177-181. 8 Taking the Magic Out of the Markers: The Hidden Cost 90 of Rewards Lepper, M., Greene, D., & Nisbett, R. E. (1973). Undermining children's intrinsic interest with extrinsic reward: A test of the 'overjustification' hypothesis. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 28, 129-137. 9 The Calvinisms Conundrum: Unconsciously Engineering 103 Good Omens Quattrone, G. A., & Tversky, A. (1980). Causal versus diagnostic reasoning: On self-deception and the voter's illusion. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 46, 237-248. 10 Pitfalls of Purpose: Ironic Processes in Mood Control 114 Wegner, D., Erber, R., &Zanakos, S. (1993). Ironic Processes in the mental control of mood and mood-related thought. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 65, 1093-1104. 11 Familiarity Breeds Liking: The Positive Effects of Mere 127 Exposure Mita, T. H., Dermer, M., & Knight, J. (1977). Reversed facial images and the mere-exposure hypothesis. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 35, 597-601. 12 Beneath the Mask: Tools for Detecting Hidden Prejudice 137 Dovidio, J. F., Kawakami, K., Johnson, C, Johnson, B., & Howard, A. (1997). On the nature of prejudice: Automatic and controlled processes. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 33, 510-540. 13 I Think, Therefore I Act: Priming Intelligence 151 With Social Stereotypes Dijksterhuis, A., &van Knippenberg, A. (1998). The relation between perception and behavior, or how to win a game of Trivial Pursuit. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 74, 865-877. CONTENTS vii 14 What Did You Expect?: The Behavioral Confirmation 162 of the Physical Attractiveness Stereotype Snyder, M., Tanke, E. D., & Berscheid, E. (1977). Social perception and interpersonal behavior: On the self-fulfilling nature of social stereotypes. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 35, 656-666. 15 Good Vibes: Insights Into Belief in Mental Telepathy 174 Ayeroff, F., & Abelson, R. P. (1976). ESP and ESB: Belief in personal success at mental telepathy. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 36, 240-247. 16 The Eye Is Quicker Than the Mind: Believing Precedes 186 Unbelieving Gilbert, D. T., Tafarodi, R. W, &Malone, P. S. (1993). You can't not believe everything you read. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 65, 221-233. 17 Going Along to Get Along: Conformity to Group Morms 199 Asch, S. E. (1955, November). Opinions and social pressure. Scientific American, 31-35. 18 The Unhurried Samaritan: When Context Determines 212 Character Darley, J. M., & Batson, C. D. (1973). "From Jerusalem to Jericho": A study of situational and dispositional variables in helping behavior. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 27, 100-108. 19 Who, Me?: The Failure of Bystanders to Intervene 222 in Emergencies Darley, J. M., & Latane, B. (1968). Bystander intervention in emergencies: Diffusion of responsibility. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 8, 377-383. 20 Love Thy Neighbor or Thyself?: Empathy as a Source 233 of Altruism Batson, C., Dyck, J., Brandt, J. R., Batson, J., Powell, A., McMaster, M. R., & Griffitt, C. (1988). Five studies testing two new egoistic alternatives to the empathy-altruism hypothesis. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 55, 52-77. 21 Just Following Orders: A Shocking Demonstration 245 of Obedience to Authority Milgram, S. (1963). The behavioral study of obedience. Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 67, 371-378. viii CONTENT5 22 Hooded Hoodlums: The Role of Deindividuation 259 in Antisocial Behavior Diener, E., Fraser, S. C., Beaman, A. L, & Kelem, R. T. (1976). Effects of deindividuation variables on stealing among Halloween trick- or-treaters. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 33, 178-183. 23 The Burglar's Situation: Actor-Observer Differences 268 in Explaining Behavior West, S. G., Gunn, S. R, & Chernicky, P. (1975). Ubiquitous Watergate: An attributional analysis. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 32, 55-65. 24 Of Cockroaches and Men: Social Enhancement 280 and Inhibition of Performance Zajonc, R. B., Heingarter, A., & Herman, E. M. (1969). Social enhancement and impairment of performance in the cockroach. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 13, 83-92. 25 "We're Number One!": Basking in Others' Glory 289 Cialdini, R. B., Borden, R. J., Thome, A., Walker, M. R., Freeman, S., & Sloan, L. R. (1976). Basking in reflected glory: Three (football) field studies. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 34, 366-375. 26 Ackmians Are From Mars, Orinthians Are From Venus: 300 Gender Stereotypes as Role Rationalizations Hoffman, C., & Hurst, N. (1990). Gender stereotypes: Perception or rationalization? Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 58, 197-208. 27 When Two Become One: Expanding the Self to Include 313 the Other Aron, A., Aron, E. N., Tudor, M., & Nelson, G. (1991). Close relationships as including other in the self. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 60, 241-253. 28 The Wrath of the Rejected: Being Shut Out Makes One 326 Lash Out Twenge, J. M., Baumeister, R. F., Tice, D. M., & Stucke, T. S. (2001). If you can't join them, beat them: The effects of social exclusions on aggressive behavior.