Handbook of plant and crop physiology,2nd ed

Preface v Contributors xiii Part I Plants/Crops Growth Responses to Environmental Factors and Climactic Changes 1 Time, Plant Growth, Respiration, and Temperature 1 Bruce N. Smith, Lyneen C. Harris, V. Wallace McCarlie, Dorothy L. Stradling, Tonya Thygerson, Jillian Walker, Richard S. Criddle, and Lee D. Hansen 2 Role of Temperature in the Physiology of Crop Plants: Pre- and Postharvest 13 William Grierson 3 Crop Plant Responses to Rising CO2 and Climate Change 35 Joseph C. V. Vu, Leon Hartwell Allen, Jr., and Maria Gallo-Meagher Part II Physiology of Plant/Crop Growth and Developmental Stages 4 Germination and Emergence 57 Calvin Chong, Bernard B. Bible, and Hak-Yoon Ju 5 Influence of Source Strength on Leaf Developmental Programming 117 Steven Rodermel, Adam Miller, and Martin Spalding 6 Ecophysiological Aspects of the Vegetative Propagation of Saltbush (Atriplex spp.) and Mulberry (Morus spp.) 127 David N. Sen and Pramila Rajput 7 Fruit Development, Maturation, and Ripening 143 William Grierson 8 Dormancy: Manifestations and Causes 161 Frank G. Dennis, Jr. 9 Senescence in Plants and Crops 181 Lola Peñarrubia and Joaquín Moreno 10 Abscission 205 Roy Sexton Part III Cellular and Molecular Aspects of Plant/Crop Physiology 11 Cell Cycle Regulation in Plants 229 A. S. N. Reddy and Irene S. Day 12 Chlorophyll Biosynthesis During Plant Greening 265 Benoît Schoefs 13 Structure and Function of Photosynthetic Membranes in Higher Plants 281 Ilia D. Denev and Ivan N. Minkov 14 Bioenergetic Aspects of Photosynthetic Gas Exchange and Respiratory Processes in Algae and Plants 299 Klaus Peter Bader and Refat Abdel-Basset 15 Diffusive Resistances to CO2 Entry in the Leaves and Their Limitations to Photosynthesis 327 Angelo Massacci and Francesco Loreto Part IV Plant/Crop Physiology and Physiological Aspects of Plant/Crop Production Processes 16 Mineral Nutrient Transport in Plants 337 Benjamin Jacoby and Nava Moran 17 Sodium: A Functional Nutrient in Plants 363 G. V. Subbarao, Raymond M. Wheeler, Wade L. Berry, and Gary W. Stutte 18 Nitrogen Metabolism and Crop Productivity 385 Fred E. Below 19 Quantifying Immediate Carbon Export from Source Leaves 407 Evangelos Demosthenes Leonardos and Bernard Grodzinski 20 Production-Related Assimilate Transport and Partitioning 421 John E. Hendrix 21 Phloem Transport of Solutes in Crop Plants 449 Edmund R. Miranda, Wattana Pattanagul, and Monica A. Madore 22 Carbohydrate Synthesis and Crop Metabolism 467 Wattana Pattanagul, Edmund R. Miranda, and Monica A. Madore x CONTENTS 23 Production of Phytomedicinal Chemicals by Plants 485 Donald P. Briskin Part V Plant Growth Regulators: The Natural Hormones (Growth Promoters and Inhibitors) and Plant Genes 24 Plant Growth Hormones: Growth Promoters and Inhibitors 501 Syed Shamshad Mehdi Naqvi 25 The Activation Sequence-1 Cognate Promoter Elements Play Critical Roles in the Activation of Defense-Related Genes in Higher Plants 527 Chengbin Xiang 26 Multilevel Regulation of Glutathione Homeostasis in Higher Plants 539 Chengbin Xiang and David J. Oliver 27 Genes Associated with Orchid Flower 549 Soek Ying Neo and Kwok Ki Ho Part VI Physiological Responses of Plants/Crops Under Stressful (Salt, Drought, and Other Environmental Stresses) Conditions 28 Biology and Physiology of Saline Plants 563 David N. Sen, Sher Mohammed, and Pawan K. Kasera 29 Role of Physiology in Improving Crop Adaptation to Abiotic Stresses in the Tropics: The Case of Common Bean and Tropical Forages 583 Idupulapati Madhusudana Rao 30 Adaptive Components of Salt Tolerance 615 James W. O’Leary 31 Growth and Physiological Adaptations of Grasses to Salinity Stress 623 Kenneth B. Marcum 32 Physiological Mechanisms of Nitrogen Absorption and Assimilation in Plants Under Stressful Conditions 637 R. S. Dubey and Mohammad Pessarakli 33 Induction of Proteins in Response to Biotic and Abiotic Stresses 657 Timothy S. Artlip and Michael E. Wisniewski 34 Physiological Responses of Cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) to Salt Stress 681 Mohammad Pessarakli 35 Calcium as a Messenger in Stress Signal Transduction 697 A. S. N. Reddy and Vaka Subba Reddy 36 Regulation of Gene Expression During Abiotic Stresses and the Role of the Plant Hormone Abscisic Acid 735 Elizabeth A. Bray CONTENTS xi Part VII Physiological Responses of Plants/Crops to Heavy Metal Concentration and Agrichemicals 37 How Plants Adapt Their Physiology to an Excess of Metals 751 Martine Bertrand, Jean-Claude Guary, and Benoît Schoefs 38 The Negative Action of Toxic Divalent Cations on the Photosynthetic Apparatus 763 Robert Carpentier 39 Physiological Mechanisms of Herbicide Actions 773 Francisco F. de la Rosa Part VIII Physiological Relationships Between Lower and Higher Plants 40 Parasitic Flowering Plants from Genus Orobanche: DNA Markers, Molecular Evolution, and Physiological Relations with the Host Plants 789 Ivan N. Minkov and Antoaneta Ljubenova Part IX Physiology of Lower-Plant Genetics and Development 41 Developmental Genetics in Lower Plants 803 John C. Wallace Part X Physiology of Higher-Plant/Crop Genetics and Development 42 Photosynthetic Efficiency and Crop Yield 821 Da-Quan Xu and Yun-Kang Shen 43 Transpiration Efficiency: Avenues for Genetic Improvement 835 G. V. Subbarao and Chris Johansen 44 Physiological Mechanisms Relevant to Genetic Improvement of Salinity Tolerance in Crop Plants 857 G. V. Subbarao and Chris Johansen 45 Glycine Betaine Accumulation: Its Role in Stress Resistance in Crop Plants 881 G. V. Subbarao, Lanfang He Levine, Raymond M. Wheeler, and Gary W. Stutte Part XI Using Computer Modeling in Plant Physiology 46 Computer Simulation of Plant and Crop Allocation Processes 909 Donna M. Dubay and Monica A. Madore Part XII Plant/Crop Physiology Under Controlled Conditions, in Space, and on Other Planets 47 Composite Lighting for Controlled-Environment Plant Factories 915 Joel L. Cuello 48 Plant Growth and Human Life Support for Space Travel 925 Raymond M. Wheeler, Gary W. Stutte, G. V. Subbarao, and Neil C. Yorio Index 943