Fungal pathogenesis : principles and clinical applications

Preface v Introduction vii Contributors xiii PART I. WHAT MAKES FUNGI VIRULENT? 1. Host Recognition by Human Fungal Pathogens 1 W. LaJean Chaffin 2. Genetic Basis of Pathogenicity in Cryptococcus neoformans 25 Brian L. Wickes and K. J. Kwon-Chung 3. Secretory Proteins in Fungal Virulence 51 Pranab K. Mukherjee and Mahmoud A. Ghannoum 4. Histoplasma capsulatum: Diary of an Intracellular Survivor 81 Simon L. Newman 5. Dimorphism in Human Pathogens 99 Jon P. Woods 6. Signaling and the Biology of Human Fungal Pathogens 115 Jose Antonio Calera and Richard A. Calderone 7. Adaptation of Fungi to Alterations in Ambient pH 139 Oliver Kurzai, Abdelmalic El Barkani, and Fritz A. Mu¨hlschlegel 8. Molecular Biology of Switching in Candida 161 David R. Soll ix x Contents 9. Pathogenic Properties of Blastomyces dermatitidis 183 Bruce S. Klein and Wun-Ling Chang 10. Paracoccidioides brasiliensis: Virulence and Host Response 205 Gioconda San-Blas and Gustavo Nin˜o-Vega 11. Pneumocystis carinii 227 Henry Koziel 12. Genomics in Fungal Pathogenesis 261 Janna L. Beckerman and P. T. Magee PART II. HOST RESPONSES TO PATHOGENIC FUNGI/IMMUNOPROTECTION 13. Cell-Mediated Immunity and Endemic Mycoses 279 D. Mitchell Magee and Rebecca A. Cox 14. Humoral Immunity and Cryptococcus neoformans 293 Arturo Casadevall 15. Vaccines, Antibodies, and Passive Immunity in Candidiasis 325 Jim E. Cutler, Bruce L. Granger, and Yongmoon Han 16. Vaccines for Histoplasmosis 353 George S. Deepe, Jr. 17. Coccidioidomycosis: Pathogenesis, Immune Response, and Vaccine Development 365 Theo N. Kirkland and Garry T. Cole 18. Innate Immunity Against Fungal Pathogens 401 Luigina Romani 19. Immune Reconstitution Against Human Mycoses 433 Emmanuel Roilides, Evangelia Farmaki, and Caron A. Lyman 20. Mucosal Infection and Immunity in Candidiasis 461 Flavia De Bernardis and Maria Boccanera 21. Systemic Immunity in Candidiasis 483 Luigina Romani and Francesco Bistoni 22. Cell Wall of Aspergillus fumigatus: Structure, Biosynthesis, and Role in Host–Fungus Interactions 515 Isabelle Mouyna and Jean-Paul Latge´ 23. Cryptococcus neoformans and Macrophages 539 Thomas S. Harrison and Stuart M. Levitz Contents xi PART III. TREATMENT AND PATIENT MANAGEMENT 24. Antifungals Currently Used in the Treatment of Invasive Fungal Diseases 559 Xiao-jiong Zhao and Richard A. Calderone 25. Antifungal Drug Targets: Discovery and Selection 579 Ronald L. Cihlar, Sheldon Broedel, Jr., and Christina Kellogg 26. Drug Resistance Mechanisms of Human Pathogenic Fungi 601 Rajendra Prasad, Sneh Lata Panwar, and Shankarling Krishnamurthy 27. Antifungal Susceptibility Testing: Clinical Interpretations and Utility 633 Sofia Perea and Thomas F. Patterson PART IV. THE DIAGNOSTIC LABORATORY 28. Molecular Diagnosis of Fungal Infections 649 Roy L. Hopfer and Darius Amjadi 29. Serological Approaches to the Diagnosis of Invasive Fungal Infections 667 Christine J. Morrison and Mark D. Lindsley 30. Molecular Typing and Epidemiology of Candida spp. and Other Important Human Fungal Pathogens 717 Derek J. Sullivan and David C. Coleman 31. Strain Variation and Clonality in Candida spp. and Cryptococcus neoformans 739 Jianping Xu and Thomas G. Mitchell 32. New and Emerging Pathogens: What’s a Lab to Do? 751 Chester R. Cooper, Jr. Index 759