Biological effects of surfactants

Foreword by M.E. Vinogradov and V.D. Fedorov vii Foreword by Steven C. McCutcheon ix Acknowledgments xi Abbreviations xiii Preface xv Introduction xvii Chapter 1 Anthropogenic Impacts and Synthetic Surfactants as Pollutants of Aquatic Ecosystems 1 1.1 Criteria and priorities in assessing the hazardous impacts on aquatic biota 1 1.2 Ecological hazard and ecosystemic consequences of the effect of anthropogenic substances on hydrobionts 3 1.3 Biological effects of substances and the need of refining the arsenal of biotesting methods 6 1.4 Substantiating the need for further research into biological effects of synthetic surfactants 9 1.5 Ambiguity of biological effects caused by surfactants 12 1.6 Pollution of aquatic ecosystems by synthetic surfactants 16 1.7 Synthetic surfactants and self-purification of water including its filtration by mollusks 23 Chapter 2 Organisms and Methods 27 2.1 Organisms: Substantiation of choice and aspects of methods used 27 2.2 Chemical substances used 42 Chapter 3 Biological Activity of Waters Containing Anionic Surfactants 49 3.1 Biological effects of alkyl sulfates. Sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) 50 3.2 Biological effects of alkyl benzene sulfonates (ABS) 77 3.3 Biological effects of high-polymer synthetic surfactants 85 3.4 Concluding remarks 89 Chapter 4 Biological Activity of Waters Containing Nonionogenic Surfactants 93 4.1 Biological effects of nonionogenic surfactants in a system with bacteria 96 vi S.A. OSTROUMOV 4.2 Biological effects of nonionogenic surfactants on phytoplankton organisms 100 4.3 Biological effects of nonionogenic surfactants on higher eukaryotes 104 4.4 Biological effects of nonionogenic surfactants and their hazards to aquatic ecosystems 121 Chapter 5 Biological Activity of Waters Containing Cationic Surfactants 127 5.1 Biological effects of ethonium 129 5.2 Biological effects of tetradecyl trimethyl ammonium bromide (TDTMA) 129 5.3 Biological effects of benzethonium chloride 142 5.4 Other data on the biological activities of cationic surfactants 142 Chapter 6 Biological Effects of Surfactant-Containing Mixtures and Other Preparations 147 6.1 Impact of aquatic media with surfactant-containing mixtures on hydrobionts: earlier works 147 6.2 New results on the impact of surfactant-containing mixtures on autotrophic organisms 151 6.3 New results on the impact of surfactant-containing mixtures on heterotrophic organisms 161 6.4 Assessment of the biological activities of other preparations and samples 174 6.5 Some concluding remarks 176 Chapter 7 Biological Effects of Synthetic Surfactants and Participation of Hydrobionts in Water Purification 181 7.1 Self-purification of water and the role of hydrobionts in aquatic ecosystems 181 7.2 Water purification and some applied problems 190 7.3 Anthropogenic impact on hydrobionts: assessment of the ecological hazards 192 Generalizing Remarks 197 Conclusions 201 References 203 Addendum 245 Subject Index 255