Heinz handbook of nutrition, ninth edintion

Digestion of Protein...................................................................2 Intestinal Absorption of Amino Acids and Di-and Tripeptides ..............................................................3 Protein Requirements................................................................5 Indispensable and Dispensable Amino Acids ...........................5 Metabolism of Amino Acids.......................................................8 Transamination....................................................................11 Oxidative Deamination........................................................11 Urea Cycle ..........................................................................12 Glucose-Alanine Cycle........................................................12 Citric Acid Cycle..................................................................13 Individual Characteristics of Amino Acids ...............................13 Glycine ................................................................................13 Glutamic Acid......................................................................13 Phenylalanine and Tyrosine ................................................14 Histidine ..............................................................................14 Tryptophan ..........................................................................14 Proline and Hydroxyproline.................................................14 Arginine...............................................................................14 Cysteine, Cystine and Methionine ......................................14 Taurine ................................................................................14 Dietary Management of Phenylketonuria ................................15 Protein Restriction and Overloading .......................................16 Suggested Readings ...............................................................17 Chapter 2 CARBOHYDRATES Monosaccharides ....................................................................19 Hexoses ..............................................................................22 Glucose ..........................................................................22 Fructose..........................................................................23 Galactose .......................................................................23 Mannose.........................................................................23 Hexose Derivatives .............................................................23 Sorbitol ...........................................................................23 Mannitol ..........................................................................24 Inositol ............................................................................24 Pentoses..................................................................................24 Disaccharides..........................................................................24 Sucrose...............................................................................25 Lactose ...............................................................................25 Maltose ...............................................................................25 Oligosaccharides.....................................................................26 -Galactosides....................................................................26 Fructooligosaccharides .......................................................26 Polysaccharides ......................................................................27 Starch..................................................................................27 Glycogen.............................................................................28 Cellulose .............................................................................28 Gum ....................................................................................28 Functions.................................................................................29 Digestion and Absorption ........................................................29 Metabolism ..............................................................................30 Glycolysis............................................................................32 Citric Acid Cycle and Electron Transport System ...............32 Pentose Phosphate Shunt ..................................................32 Glycogenesis ......................................................................32 Glycogenolysis....................................................................32 Metabolic Relationships of Carbohydrate to Protein and Fat........................................................................33 Gluconeogenesis ................................................................33 Synthesis of Protein and Fat from Carbohydrate................33 Carbohydrate in the Diet .........................................................33 Source.................................................................................33 Composition of the Diet ......................................................33 Disorders of Carbohydrate Metabolism...................................34 Lactose Intolerance.............................................................34 Sucrose Intolerance ............................................................35 Galactosemia ......................................................................35 Diabetes Mellitus.................................................................36 Dietary Fiber............................................................................40 Artificial Sweeteners................................................................42 Suggested Readings ...............................................................43 Chapter 3 LIPIDS Fatty acids ...............................................................................45 Triglycerides ........................................................................46 Phospholipids......................................................................48 Sphingolipids.......................................................................49 Sterols.................................................................................49 Waxes .................................................................................51 Functions.................................................................................51 Digestion and Absorption ........................................................52 Transport of Lipids...................................................................54 Chylomicrons ......................................................................55 VLDL ...................................................................................55 LDL .....................................................................................55 HDL.....................................................................................56 Metabolism ..............................................................................56 Lipolysis and Beta-Oxidation ..............................................56 Ketosis ................................................................................57 Lipogenesis.........................................................................57 Cholesterol Metabolism ......................................................57 Relationship Between Fat and Carbohydrate and Protein ..............................................................................58 Levels and Sources of Fats in the Diet ...................................58 Dietary Fat and Blood Cholesterol ..........................................59 Trans Fatty Acids.....................................................................60 Omega - 3 Fatty Acids ............................................................61 Hyperlipoproteinemias.............................................................65 Dietary Fat and Cancer ...........................................................65 Fat Substitutes.........................................................................65 Suggested Readings ...............................................................67 Chapter 4 VITAMINS Fat Soluble Vitamins Vitamin A .................................................................................69 Sources...............................................................................72 Absorption and Storage ......................................................72 Functions ............................................................................73 Deficiency ...........................................................................74 Toxicity.................................................................................75 Health Benefits....................................................................75 Vitamin D.................................................................................76 Sources...............................................................................77 Absorption...........................................................................78 Functions ............................................................................78 Deficiency ...........................................................................78 Toxicity.................................................................................79 Health Benefits....................................................................79 Vitamin E .................................................................................80 Sources...............................................................................81 Absorption...........................................................................83 Functions.............................................................................83 Deficiency ...........................................................................84 Toxicity.................................................................................84 Health Benefits....................................................................84 Vitamin K .................................................................................85 Sources...............................................................................86 Absorption...........................................................................86 Functions ............................................................................87 Deficiency ...........................................................................87 Toxicity.................................................................................87 Water Soluble Vitamins Thiamin....................................................................................88 Sources...............................................................................88 Absorption, Storage and Excretion.....................................90 Functions ............................................................................90 Deficiency ...........................................................................91 Riboflavin.................................................................................92 Sources...............................................................................92 Absorption and Storage ......................................................94 Functions ............................................................................94 Deficiency ...........................................................................94 Niacin ......................................................................................95 Sources...............................................................................95 Absorption, Synthesis and Excretion..................................96 Functions ............................................................................96 Deficiency ...........................................................................97 Toxicity.................................................................................97 Health Benefits....................................................................98 Biotin .......................................................................................98 Sources...............................................................................98 Functions ............................................................................98 Deficiency .........................................................................100 Pantothenic Acid....................................................................100 Sources.............................................................................100 Functions ..........................................................................101 Deficiency .........................................................................101 Vitamin B6..............................................................................103 Sources.............................................................................103 Functions ..........................................................................103 Deficiency..........................................................................105 Toxicity. ..............................................................................106 Health Benefits..................................................................106 Folic Acid...............................................................................106 Sources.............................................................................106 Functions ..........................................................................107 Deficiency .........................................................................107 Toxicity...............................................................................109 Health Benefits..................................................................109 Vitamin B12 ............................................................................109 Sources.............................................................................110 Absorption, Storage and Excretion