Metals in Society and in the Environment

Table of Contents -- Figures -- Tables -- Acknowledgements -- 0 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS -- 0.1 Introduction -- 0.2 Metal Fluxes from Society to the Environment and between Environmental Media -- 0.3 Speciation, Bioavailability and Effects of Trace Metals in the Environment -- 0.4 General Conclusions -- 1 PURPOSE OF THIS REVIEW -- 1.1 Background and justification -- 1.2 The need and how to meet it -- 1.3 Target groups for the updated report -- 1.4 Implementation of the work -- 2 GLOBAL EXTRACTION, PRODUCTION AND CONSUMPTION -- 2.1 Copper -- 2.2 Nickel -- 2.3 Zinc -- 3 METAL CYCLES IN DEFINED GEOGRAPHICAL AREAS: EUROPE, THE NETHERLANDS AND STOCKHOLM -- 3.1 Example 1: The European Copper Cycle -- 3.2 Example 2: Dynamic Modelling of Metal Flows in the Netherlands; Cu and Zn -- 3.3 Example 3: Urban Metal Flows ... Stockholm; Cr, Cu, Ni and Zn -- 4 CRITICAL STEPS IN METAL FLUXES FROM SOCIETY TO THE ENVIRONMENT ... SOME CASE STUDIES -- 4.1 Case Study 1: Corrosion and runoff of metals from roofing materials made of copper, galvanized steel or stainless steel (Cu, Zn, Cr and Ni) -- 4.2 Case Study 2: Relative importance of the traffic sector for metal fluxes from the urban environment to aquatic ecosystems -- 4.3 Case Study 3: Metal fluxes from households to STPs, sludge and agricultural soils -- 4.4 Case Study 4: Metal fluxes from mine waste to rivers ... Falun Copper Mine -- 4.5 Summing up: Fluxes of Cr, Cu, Ni and Zn from Society to the Environment -- 5 SPECIATION, MOBILITY AND BIOAVAILABILITY OF METALS IN THE ENVIRONMENT -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 In surface waters -- 5.3 In groundwaters -- 5.4 In aquatic sediments -- 5.5 In soils -- 5.6 In biota -- 5.7 A proposal for "natural" or "preindustrial" regional background levels of metals in the sediment in waters surrounding Stockholm -- 6 BIOTIC LIGAND MODELS -- 6.1 Need for improved models to assess bioavailable fraction of metals -- 6.2 Development of Biotic Ligand Models -- 6.3 Application of BLMs -- 7 TOXIC AND OTHER ADVERSE BIOLOGICAL EFFECTS OF TRACE METALS -- 7.1 Toxicity to aquatic organisms in the water column -- 7.2 Toxicity to sediment-dwelling organisms -- 7.3 Toxicity to soil-dwelling organisms and to higher plants -- 7.4 Essentiality, regulation and deficiency -- REFERENCES -- Abbreviations.