Methods of cancer diagnosis, therapy and prognosis : gastrointestinal cancer

PART I: GASTROINTESTINAL CANCERS 1. INTRODUCTION : GASTROINTESTINAL CANCERS M.A. Hayat GASTROINTESTINAL STROMAL TUMORS (GISTs) GASTRIC CANCER ESOPHAGEAL CANCER TREATMENTS REFERENCES 2. METASTATIC GASTROINTESTINAL CANCER: SAFETY OF CISPLATIN COMBINED WITH CONTINUOUS 5- FLUOROURACIL VERSUS BOLUS 5- FLUOROURACIL AND LEUCOVORIN (METHODOLOGY) Jacqueline Duffour, Oliver Bouche, Philippe Rougier, Chantal Milan, Laurent Bedenne, Jean-Francois Seitz, Bruno Buecher, Jean-Lois Legoux, Michel Ducreux, Denis Vetter, Jean-Luc Raoul, Eric Francois, and Marc Ychou INTRODUCTION PATIENTS AND METHODS RESULTS DISCUSSION REFERENCES 3. GASTROINTESTINAL CANCER: ENDOSCOPIC SUBMUCOSAL DISSECTION (METHODOLOGY) Atsushi Imagawa INTRODUCTION INDICATIONS METHOD AND DISCUSSION Setting of a High-Frequency Generator Complications Esophageal and Colorectal Lesions REFERENCES 4. GASTROINTESTINAL EPITHELIAL NEOPLASMS: ENDOSCOPIC SUBMUCOSAL DISSECTION (METHODOLOGY) Mitsuhiro Fujishiro INTRODUCTION APPLICATION ENDOSCOPIC SYSTEMS AND EQUIPMENT PROCEDURE Marking Around the Lesion Submucosal Injection Bleeding Perforation Management After Endoscopic Submucosal Dissection FURTHER CONSIDERATIONS REFERENCES 5. INOPERABLE ABDOMINO-PELVIC TUMORS: TREATMENT WITH RADIOFREQUENCY ABLATION AND SURGICAL DEBULKING Nathan W. Pearlman INTRODUCTION TECHNIQUE PATIENT POPULATION AND RESULTS REFERENCES 6. GASTROINTESTINAL NEUROENDOCRINE TUMORS: DIAGNOSIS USING GASTRIN RECEPTOR SCINTIGRAPHY Martin Gotthardt, Thomas M. Behr, and Martin Behe NEUROENDOCRINE TUMORS Symptoms, Clinical Appearance, Therapy, and Prognosis Diagnostic Imaging Procedures Potential Improvement of Scintigraphic Imaging of NET by Using Alternative Radiopeptides RADIOPEPTIDE SCANNING VERSUS ANATOMICAL IMAGING MODALITIES RADIOLABELED PEPTIDES: DEVELOPMENT, ADVANTAGES AND SHORTCOMINGS MINIGASTRIN FOR DETECTING METASTASIZED NEUROENDOCRINE TUMORS Cholecystokinine 2 (CCK2) Receptor Expression Labeling Scanning Protocol Biodistribution of MG Clinical Imaging in Neuroendocrine Tumors FUTURE PERSPECTIVES OF DGlu1-MINIGASTRIN REFERENCES PART II: ESOPHAGEAL CANCER 7. DISTAL ESOPHAGUS: EVALUATION OF 18F-FLUORODEOXYGLUCOSE POSITRON EMISSION TOMOGRAPHY/ COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHY FUSION IMAGING Domenico Rubello and Cristina Nanni INTRODUCTION 18F-FDG-PET AND PET/CT IN ESOPHAGEAL CANCER Positivity Criteria Staging Disease Relapse NEOADJUVANT THERAPY RESPONSE 18F-FDG-PET/CT VERSUS OTHER TECHNIQUES PET/CT AND OTHER RADIOTRACERS REFERENCES 8. ENDOSCOPIC ULTRASOUND AND STAGING OF ESOPHAGEAL CANCER Kanwar R.S. Gill and Timothy Woodward OBJECTIVES BASIC PRINCIPLES EQUIPMENT PROCEDURE AND TNM CLASSIFICATION ROLE OF ENDOSCOPIC ULTRASOUND-FINE NEEDLE ASPIRATION IN ESOPHAGEAL CANCER ENDOSCOPIC ULTRASOUND IN ASSESSING PRIMARY TUMOR (T STAGING) ENDOSCOPIC ULTRASOUND IN ASSESSING NODAL METASTASIS ENDOSCOPIC ULTRASOUND IN ASSESSING DISTANCE METASTASIS RESTAGING OF ESOPHAGEAL CANCER AFTER CHEMORADIATION ENDOSCOPIC ULTRASOUND-FINE-NEEDLE ASPIRATION MOLECULAR DIAGNOSIS OF ESOPHAGEAL CANCER COMPLICATIONS AND SAFETY REFERENCES 9. ESOPHAGEAL CANCER: ROLE OF RNASEN PROTEIN AND MICRO-RNA IN PROGNOSIS Hideyuki Ishiguro, Yoshiyuki Kuwabara, Nobuyoshi Sugito, and Yoshitaka Fujii INTRODUCTION REAL-TIME REVERSE TRANSCRIPTION ANALYSIS USING TaqMan PROBES Isolation of RNA from Tumor Samples and Reverse Transcription Reaction Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction Using TaqMan Probes IMMUNOHISTOCHEMISTRY OF RNASEN REFERENCES 10. ESOPHAGEAL CANCER: INITIAL STAGING Lana Y. Schumacher, Nicole B. Baril, and Sherry M. Wren INTRODUCTION PREOPERATIVE STAGING MODALITIES PRIMARY TUMOR (T STAGE) REGIONAL LYMPH NODE (N STAGE) METASTATIC DISEASE (M STAGE) THORACOSCOPIC AND LAPAROSCOPIC STAGING RESTAGING AFTER NEOADJUVANT THERAPY TREATMENT OVERVIEW REFERENCES PART III: GASTRIC CANCER 11. AUTOMATED DISEASE CLASSIFICATION OF COLON AND GASTRIC HISTOLOGICAL SAMPLES BASED ON DIGITAL MICROSCOPY AND ADVANCED IMAGE ANALYSIS Levente Ficsor and Bela Molnar INTRODUCTION MATERIALS AND METHODS Samples Digitizing of Glass Slides Developer Tools Detection of Cells, Tissue Components, and Structures Cell Detection of Tissue Components and Measuring of Tissue Specific Parameters Gland Detection Epithelium Detection Feature Determination and Measurement Determination of Tissue Cytometric Parameters Statistical Analysis RESULTS Gastric Samples Colon Samples Results Visualized by Virtual Microscopy DISCUSSION REFERENCES 12. EARLY GASTRIC CANCER: PREDICTION OF METACHRONOUS RECURRENCE USING ENDOSCOPIC SUBMUCOSAL DISSECTION (METHODOLOGY) Hiroshi Yokozaki, Tadateru Hasuo, Shin-ya Satake, Yasuhiro Omori, Naoko Maeda, Korefumi Nakamura, and Shuho Semba INTRODUCTION APPLICATION EQUIPMENT Facilities for Processing of Histopathological Specimens Thermal Cycler for Polymerase Chain Reaction Automated DNA Sequencer with Fragment Analysis Software PROCEDURE DNA Extraction Microsatellite Assay Immunohistochemistry FURTHER CONSIDERATIONS REFERENCES 13. HELICOBACTER PYLORI-INFECTED NEOPLASTIC GASTRIC EPITHELIUM: EXPRESSION OF MUCIN2 AS A BIOMARKER Halagowder Devaraj, A. Anand Kumar, and Niranjali Devaraj INTRODUCTION MOLECULAR MECHANISM OF GASTRIC CANCER CELL AND TISSUE SPECIFIC EXPRESSION OF MUCINS MOLECULAR GENETIC ALTERATIONS AND MUCIN EXPRESSION AS INDICATORS OF MOLECULAR LESIONS CHARACTERIZATION OF MUC2 EXPRESSION AND EARLY MOLECULAR DIAGNOSIS OF GASTRIC CANCER MOLECULAR MECHANISM OF DIFFERENTIAL EXPRESSION OF MUC2 REFERENCES 14. GASTRIC CANCER: ROLE OF INTESTINAL METAPLASIA BY HISTOCHEMICAL DETECTION USING BIOPSY SPECIMENS Akiko Shiotani, Ken Haruma, and David Y. Graham INTRODUCTION DETECTION AND CLASSIFICATION OF INTESTINAL METAPLASIA Detection of Intestinal Metaplasia Classification of Intestinal Metaplasia RELATION OF MUC EXPRESSION AND TYPE OF INTESTINAL METAPLASIA GRADING ON INTESTINAL METAPLASIA USING BIOPSY SPECIMENS ASSESSMENT OF ATROPHY PATHOGENESIS OF ATROPHIC GASTRITIS AND INTESTINAL METAPLASIA GASTRIC CANCER AND INTESTINAL METAPLASIA CDX2 EXPRESSION IN INTESTINAL METAPLASIA CDX2 in Gastric Cancer HISTOLOGICAL MARKERS FOR INCREASED RISK FOR GASTRIC CANCER ERADICATION OF H. PYLORI AND FUTURE STUDIES REFERENCES 15. GASTRIC CANCER: ANTITUMOR ACTIVITY OF RUNX3 Zhihai Peng and Keping Xie INTRODUCTION RUNX3 AS A GASTRIC CANCER SUPPRESSOR MECHANISMS UNDERLYING THE TUMOR SUPPRESSOR ACTIVITY OF RUNX3 Regulation of Cell Growth Regulation of Apoptosis Regulation of Cell Differentiation Regulation of Angiogenesis and Metastasis MATERIALS METHODS REFERENCES 16. EARLY GASTRIC CANCER: LAPAROSCOPIC GASTRECTOMY (METHODOLOGY) Seigo Kitano, Kazuhiro Yasuda, and Norio Shiraishi INTRODUCTION CURRENT STATUS OF LAPAROSCOPIC GASTRECTOMY FOR CANCER IN JAPAN INDICATIONS FOR LAPAROSCOPIC GASTRECTOMY FOR EARLY GASTRIC CANCER LAPAROSCOPY-ASSISTED DISTAL GASTRECTOMY Patient Positioning and Operating Room Setup Equipment Port Placement Surgical Procedure LAPAROSCOPY-ASSISTED PROXIMAL GASTRECTOMY Surgical Procedure REFERENCES 17. GASTRIC CANCER: OVEREXPRESSION OF HYPOXIA-INDUCIBLE FACTOR 1 AS A PROGNOSTIC FACTOR Yoshihiro Kakeji, Eiji Oki, Noriaki Sadanaga, Masaru Morita, and Yoshihiko Maehara INTRODUCTION HYPOXIA-INDUCIBLE FACTOR-1 HIF-1 Signaling Pathway HIF-1 Regulated Products HIF-1 in Tumor HIF-1 in Gastric Cancer HIF Targeted Therapeutics REFERENCES PART IV: PANCREATIC CANCER 18. PANCREATIC CANCER: HEPATOMA-DERIVED GROWTH FACTOR AS A PROGNOSTIC FACTOR Yasuhiko Tomita, Ryo Maruyama, Toshiyuki Itoi, and Vladimir Bilim HEPATOMA-DERIVED GROWTH FACTOR MOLECULE Role in Carcinogenesis and Progression IMMUNOHISTOCHEMICAL AND ANALYTICAL Materials Method EVALUATION OF HEPATOMA-DERIVED GROWTH FACTOR EXPRESSION IN PANCREATIC DUCTAL CANCER PROGNOSTIC SIGNIFICANCE OF HEPATOMA-DERIVED GROWTH FACTOR IN PANCREATIC DUCTAL CANCER AND OTHER CANCERS REFERENCES 19. PANCREATIC CANCER: 18F-FLUORODEOXYGLUCOSE POSITRON EMISSION TOMOGRAPHY AS A PROGNOSTIC PARAMETER Tatsuya Higashi INTRODUCTION PREDICTING MALIGNANT POTENTIAL OR AGGRESSIVENESS IMPROVING ACCURACY IN THE EVALUATION OF CLINICAL STAGING MONITORING THERAPEUTIC EFFECT REFERENCES 20. IMAGING AND PATHOLOGIC FINDINGS OF PECULIAR HISTOLOGIC VARIANTS OF PANCREATIC ENDOCRINE TUMORS Nobuyuki Ohike, Masaaki Kawahara, Manabu Takahashi, Ayako Sugihara, Takehiko Gokan, and Toshio Morohoshi INTRODUCTION CASE 1 Imaging Findings Pathologic Findings CASE 2 Imaging Findings Pathologic Findings DISCUSSION Oncocytic Rhabdoid Clear Cell The Three Peculiar PETs REFERENCES 21. PERIAMPULLARY ADENOCARCINOMA: DIAGNOSIS AND SURVIVAL AFTER PANCREATICODUODENECTOMY Kanika A. Bowen and Taylor S. Riall INTRODUCTION RISK FACTORS CLINICAL PRESENTATION DIAGNOSIS STAGING PANCREATICODUODENECTOMY SURVIVAL ADJUVANT THERAPY NEOADJUVANT THERAPY UNDERUTILIZATION OF SURGICAL RESECTION REFERENCES 22. UNRESECTABLE LOCALLY ADVANCED PANCREATIC CANCER: CONCURRENT CHEMOTHERAPY Ender Kurt, Meral Kurt, Turkkan Evrensel, Lutfi Ozkan, and Osman Manavoglu INTRODUCTION TREATMENT OF LOCALLY ADVANCED PANCREATIC CANCER Radiotherapy Concurrent Chemotherapy Novel Approaches CONCLUSIONS AND FURTHER CONSIDERATIONS REFERENCES