Clinical lipidology : a companion to Braunwald's heart disease

A to Z Trial, simvastatin, 403 AAD. See Average American Diet ABC transporters, 289 ABCA1 transporters, 47, 48, 48f, 49, 52, 59, 544, 547 ABCG1 transporters, 47, 48, 48f, 49 ABCG1/G4, 4 ABCG5 transporters, 31–32 ABCG8 transporters, 31–32 Abdominal obesity. See also Waist circumference atherogenic dyslipidemia of, 343–344f insulin resistance and, 339–340, 340f ACAPS (Asymptomatic Carotid Artery Progression Study), 422–423 CMIT, 424f ACCORD trial, 321, 359, 457 ACE inhibitors/ARB, atherosclerosis, 202 ACEI. See Antihypertensive angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors Acid-binding resin therapy, FHTG, 79 Acipimox, HIV, 525 ACLS. See Aerobics Center Longitudinal Study Acne drugs, lipoproteins, 153–154 ACS. See Acute coronary syndrome Action for Health in Diabetes. See Look AHEAD ACTIVATE study, 416 5-LO-activating protein. See FLAP Acute coronary syndrome (ACS), 473–483 lipoprotein levels, prognosis and, 474–475 OxLDLs, 104–105 plasma lipid measurement, 474f plasma lipoprotein measurement, 474f recent lipid measurements, 473–474 lipoprotein measurements, 473–474 recurrent events, 473–483 statins early and intensive, 475–476 randomized clinical trials, 478 therapeutic apheresis, 371 Acute intermittent porphyria, 150 Acute myocardial infarction (AMI), 482 Acylation stimulation protein (ASP), FCHL, 78 acyl-CoA cholesterol acyl transferase (ACAT) inhibitors, 295 cholesterol absorption, 290 acyl-CoA cholesterol transferase (ACAT), 33 CKD, 502 IVUS and, 416 ADA. See American Diabetes Association Adaptive immunity, atherosclerotic lesion, 99, 100 Adipocyte dysfunction, HADL, 523, 523f “Adipokines,” 341, 341f Adipose tissue as endocrine organ, 341–342 FCHL, 78 Adolescents, mean total serum cholesterol, 513f Adverse Event Database, statins, 270–271, 359 Adverse event reports (AERs), myopathy with statins, 359 AEGR-427. See Implitapide AEGR-733 therapy discontinuation, 537, 539t dyslipidemia, 535 AEGR-733/Ezetimibe clinical trial, subjects, discontinuation rate, 539t Aerobic exercise, cardiorespiratory fi tness, 146t Aerobics Center Longitudinal Study (ACLS), 232 AERs. See Adverse event reports AFREGS (Air Force Regression Study), 306 African Americans, risk factors, lipid abnormalities, 510–512, 510t Agatson method, CAC, 186–189 Age-related macular degeneration (AMD), 371 Aging. See also Elderly intestinal cholesterol absorption, 36, 37t–38t AHA. See American Heart Association AHA/ACC (American Heart Association/ College of Cardiology Guidelines for Secondary Prevention) dyslipidemias, 199 guidelines, 208 vascular disease, secondary prevention, 208, 209t–210t AIM protein (A-I Milano) cardioprotective qualities of, 414–415 in humans, IVUS, 415 Air Force Regression Study. See AFREGS ALA. See Alpha-linolenic acids Alanine aminotransferase (ALT), statins safety, 270, 270f, 271t Albumin uptake inhibition, statin safety, 274t Alcohol, 6 CVD, 224 low HDL cholesterol levels, 357 ALERT trial, 487, 490 CKD, 506 fl uvastatin, renal transplants and, 149 renal transplant recipients, 488 Alipoprotein-related Mortality Risk Study. See AMORIS Alipoproteins. See apo ALLHAT trial, women, 466 ALLHAT-LLT. See Attack trial Allicin, cholesterol reduction, 378–379 ALOX5, 555 Alpha-linolenic acids (ALA), 335, 402 Alpha-linolenic foods, 227t Alpoliprotein B-containing lipoproteins, plasma levels of, targets for, 21 ALT. See Alanine aminotransferase Alzheimer’s, statins, 269 AMD. See Age-related macular degeneration American Diabetes Association (ADA) diet lifestyle recommendations 2006, 223t dyslipidemia management, 212 treatment goals, DM, 450–451, 450t Pacifi c islanders, 513 plaque classifi cation, 433 women, 463 American Heart Association (AHA) clinical practice, 229–230 soy proteins, 377 women, 454 American Prospective Studies, HDL cholesterol, 120t AMI. See Acute myocardial infarction AMORIS (Apolipoprotein-related Mortality Risk Study), 113, 115, 392 Anabolic steroids, lipoproteins, 153 Angiographic trials, coronary artery disease, 120 Angiography, CAD, 410 Animal models atherosclerosis, 169 Lp(a), 136 Lp-PLA2, 168 Animal tissue, cholesterol, 28 Anorexia nervosa, hypercholesterolemia, 150 Anthropometric risk variables, cannabinoid-1 receptor blocker, 347t Antiatherosclerotic therapy, lifestyle and, 66 Anticoagulation, apheresis devices, 363 Antihypertensive angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEI), DALI machines and, 368 Antihypertensive drugs, lipids and, 151 Antioxidants, 103 angiographic coronary restenosis, 101–102, 102t atherogenesis trials, 101–102 HATS, 306 Antipsychotic drugs, atypical, lipoproteins, 153 Antiretroviral therapy DAD study group, cardiovascular risk factors, 521t HADL and, 524 Antisense agents, diseases treated, 540 Antisense oligonucleotides (ASOs), 537, 539–542 diseases treated, 540–541 protein translation, 540f toxicities, 541 Aorta wall thickness, MRI, 435 Aortic arch, athrosclerotic plaque, 434f Aortic lesions, statin trials, 436, 437t–438t Aortic plaques, fi brates, 438 Aortic smooth muscle cells, Lp(a) roles, 135 Apheresis devices, 363, 364f history, 363 therapeutic, alternative clinical applications, 370–372 A-PLUS study (Avasimbe and Progression of Lesions on UltraSound), 416 APN. See Ectoenzyme aminopeptidase N apo (Apolipoproteins), 1, 2t, 3, 87. See also specifi c i.e. apo-1 cardiovascular disease and, 112, 115 composition, HDLs and, 392–393 fi brates and, clinical effi cacy, 316–317 soluble v. insoluble, 2t, 3 apoA-I, 3, 4, 5–6, 47f, 89–90, 391 catabolism, endothelial lipase inhibition, 548–549, 549f full-length, parenteral administration, 549 Index 570 apoA-I (Continued) gene, familial hypoalphalipoproteinemia, 52 genetic dyslipoproteinemias, 51–52 HIV, 520 Milano gene transfer, 358 statins effect, 263 transcription, PPAR agonists, 548 apoB, 389–390 editing, 11–12 expression cotranslational regulation, 14–15 mice, gene-targeting studies, 14 post-translational regulation, 14–15 transgenic mouse and, 13–14 gene mutations in, 12–13 regulation, 11–12 isoforms, 11 nonproteasomal degradation, 15–16 proteasomal degradation, 15 structure, 11 apoB mRNA, 15 editing, 12 apoB-48, 18, 34 production, mRNA editing and, 12 structure, 11 apoB-100, 11 regulation of, 72–81 apoB/apoA-I ratio, glucose, synergistic effect, 115f apoB-containing lipoproteins assembly of, 16–21 hepatic uptake, 19 nephrotic syndrome, 148 plasma metabolism of, 17 regulation and clearance, 11–21 APOBEC-1, 12 apoE, 71 Apolipoproteins. See apo Apoptosis, macrophages, 63, 63f Apoptotic bodies, macrophages, 63 Apoptotic cell clearance, OxLDLs, 99 APT Guidelines, hypertriglyceridemia, classifi cation and treatment, 200t ARBITER (Arterial Biology for Investigation of Treatment Effects of Reducing Cholesterol 2 and 3), 306–307, 403, 457 CIMT, 424 statin monotherapy, CIMT, 424–425 ARIES trial, ethnic populations, lipid concentrations in, 511, 512 ARISE trial, 555 Arterial Biology for Investigation of Treatment Effects of Reducing Cholesterol 2 and 3. See ARBITER Arterial intima LDL and, 59 lesion formation, 61 Arterial plaque, magnetic resonance imaging, 193 Arterial wall remodeling atherogenesis, 62f ultrasonic studies, 410–411, 411f Artery, normal, 59f Artery wall LDL oxidation, 95 monocyte recruitment, circulation and, 96 Artherosclerotic plaque, ultrasonic studies, 411, 412f ASAP (Atorvastatin v. Simvastatin on Atherosclerosis Progression), 450 atorvastatin, 403 ASCOT trial, elderly, 469 ASCOT-LLA trial, 264, 452 CKD, 505 statins, safety of, 269 Asian Indians dyslipidemia, as risk, 514 insulin resistance, as risk, 514–515 risk factor, other, 515 ASOs. See Antisense oligonucleotides ASP. See Acylation stimulation protein Asparaginase, 151 ASPEN trial, 452 Aspirin therapy niacin with, 310–311 plasma lipoprotein(a) concentrations, 139 Prospective Army Coronary Calcium study, 188, 189f, 195 Assay kits, Lp(a), 137 Assays, emerging, 178–182 ASTEROID study, 414 Asymptomatic Carotid Artery Progression Study. See ACAPS Atazanavir, HIV, 520 Atherogenesis arterial remodeling, 62f humoral immune responses, 99–100 infl ammation and, 56–57 lipids and, 56 mechanisms for, lipoproteins, 56–67 OxLDL infl uence animal models, 100–101 clinical trials, 101–103 mechanisms, 97t TLRs, 98, 99 Atherogenic dyslipidemia, 147, 220 abdominal obesity, 343–344 non-HDL cholesterol, 262–263 statins and, 262 Atherogenic dyslipidemia of insulin resistance, 339 Atherogenic dyslipidemia of visceral adiposity, portal theory, 339–340 Atherogenic lipoprotein profi le, visceral obesity, 348f Atherogenic lipoproteins, 391 investigational agents, 530 ISIS 301012, 541 Atheroma decreasing, 413, 413f life history of, 64f ultrasonic studies, 411, 411f Atheroma volume, 414 LDL cholesterol v., 415f Atheromata, mast cells and, 61 Atherosclerosis animal and human studies, 414–416 CRP, paracrine role, 399 development, 387 drug therapy, 202 imaging introduction, 432 motivational effects, 195 immunomodulation, 105–106 infl ammatory markers, 481–482 Lp-PLA2, 169f, 173, 174f monitoring, 420–428 niacin and, imaging trials, 303, 303t NO, 193–194 oxidative stress and, 553–555 plasma cholesterol, 111 prevention, BAS, 284–285 Rho/ROCK signaling pathway, 256 risk assessment, 111–182 abstract, 111 surrogate marker for, 191–192 risk stratifi cation, noninvasive assessments, 184 schematic, 46, 47f treatment guidelines, overview, 202–215 ultrasound-based analysis, contrast agents, 428 vitamin E clinical end-point trials, 103 Atherosclerosis progression, atorvastatin v. simvastatin, 426t Atherosclerotic burden CAC, 188 intravascular ultrasound for, 411, 412f Atherosclerotic disease, MRI-derived parameters, 435t Atherosclerotic infl ammation, FDG PET imaging, 439 Atherosclerotic lesion chronic, 98, 98f enzymes and, 553 immune activation, 99–100 Atherosclerotic plaques CIMT, 427–428, 427f compensatory enlargement, 62 complications of, 63– 66 CRP, 158 evolution and stabilization, 63f lipid lowering, effects of, 66–67 Lp-PLA2, 173, 174f MRI, 432–433 physical remodeling, 477 rupture, arterial remodeling and, 62f tissue map of, 417f Atherosclerotic stenosis change, multivariate regression analysis, 304f estimation method, 304f Atherosclerotic vascular disease AHA/ACC guidelines, 208 statins and, 253–276 thrombotic complications, preventing, 554 Atherothrombosis atherosclerotic plaque and, 63– 66 CRP, 397–398 animal model v. humans, 399–400 leukotriene receptors, lipoxygenase pathways, 555–557 Atherothrombotic disease, mechanisms for, lipoproteins, 56–67 Athrosclerotic plaque, aortic arch, 434f Atkins diet, 401, 451 Atorvastatin, 149, 255, 260, 354, 356, 389, 424, 425, 478. See also GAIN study adverse effects, 353 ASAP, 403 CD40 ligand, 481, 481f coronary disease, infl ammation, 476 CRP and, 414 CYP3A4 enzyme, 259 elderly, 469 hypercholesterolemia, 436 hyperlipidemia, 489 lipoproteins, 153 metabolism, 259 plasma lipoprotein(a) concentrations, 139 renal elimination, 258, 258t simvastatin v., atherosclerosis progression, 426t TNT study, 449 warfarin and, 260 Atorvastatin plus torcetrapid combination therapy, 425 ATP III (Adult Treatment Panel), 202–203, 203t, 227 clinical trials, 205 diabetes, 206 exercise v. cholesterol in, 235 special issues with, 204–205 treatment groups, CVD mortality across, 235f ATP III (Adult Treatment Panel) update, 205–208 LDL cholesterol, treatment goals, 207t treatment goals, 206 very high-risk patients, 206–207